!!!Österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie, Doppelmonarchie
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (Austria-Hungary, Dual Monarchy): With the
conclusion of the Compromise (Ausgleich) with Hungary in 1867 the
kingdom of Austria was transformed from a unified state into a Dual
Monarchy ( Dualism). The Austrian and the Hungarian lands became
independent entities enjoying equal status. Both states had the same
head of state and conducted certain economic, foreign and military
affairs in common. A monetary and customs union and an economic
agreement which was to be revised every 10 years guaranteed the
economic unity of both states. The two states consisted of: 1)
"the kingdoms and lands represented in the Reichsrat"
(Cisleithania): Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia,
Salzburg, Tirol, Vorarlberg, Carniola and the Coastlands
(Goricia-Gradisca, Trieste, Istria), Dalmatia, Bohemia, Moravia,
Austria-Silesia, Galicia and Bukovina; they were subject to the
"King of Austria". The collective term "Austria"
for these areas was made official in 1915. 2) "the lands of the
Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen " (Transleithania):
Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slavonia and Fiume; headed by the
"Apostolic King of Hungary". - In addition, there were the
Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which were occupied by
the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1878, incorporated into the kingdom
in 1908 and administered by the common ministry of finance. A
constitution for both parts of the monarchy was never drawn up.
Administration was carried out by the Delegations together with the
responsible ministers. The monarch had control over the entire army.
The constitution of the Austrian lands was based on the Fundamental
Laws of 1867, that of the individual Crown Lands on a decree of 1861
(15 land regulations). The monarch conducted the legislative power
together with the Reichsrat, in matters concerning the lands, together
with the provincial diets of the Crown Lands. The Reichsrat consisted
of the Herrenhaus (Upper House) with 291 (1914) members and the
Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies) with 516 members (elected by the
people for 6 years).
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The history of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy almost entirely falls
into the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I ( Franz Joseph, Reign of
). After Franz Joseph's death (November, 21 1916) his great-nephew
took over as Emperor Karl I (in Hungary as King Karl IV).
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The Austro-Hungarian monarchy was the second biggest state (following
Russia) in Europe and one of the decisive Great Powers. With rich
mineral resources, fertile soils, numerous industries, favourable
traffic routes, seaports and a territory which comprised the largest
part of the Danube area with the Eastern Alps, Sudetenland, Carpathian
Mountains and the Adriatic area, it represented an ideal economic
area: The alpine regions provided wood, cattle, iron and salt,
industrial regions were in particular Vienna, Lower Austria and
Styria, agriculture was predominant in the northern lands of Bohemia,
Moravia and Silesia, which also had textile, iron and food industries,
as well as mineral coal and brown coal deposits, agriculture and
forestry was dominant in Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia. Since the
individual economic areas complemented each other exports were low in
the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The monarchy was a state consisting of
various peoples, and the Nationality Question was never solved,
despite many efforts ( Federalism), and led to the fall of the
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy at the end of World War I. In Cisleithania
35.5 % of the population was German-speaking in 1910
(19.12 % in the entire area of Austria-Hungary), in
Transleithania 48 % were Magyars (in Hungary proper 54.5 %,
in the entire state 19.12 %), Czechs and Slovaks made up
16.5 %, Serbs and Croatians 10.5 %, Poles 10 %,
Ukrainians 8 %, Rumanians 6.5 %, Slovenes 2.5 %,
Italians and others 2 % of the population. As regards religious
beliefs the population consisted of 77.7 % Catholics, 8.8 %
Protestants, 8.7 % Orthodox Christians, 4 % Jews and
0.8 % adherents of other denominations. When Emperor Karl
proclaimed a federated multinational state on October 16, 1918, it was
already too late. The individual nations had already established their
independent states or joined nations outside of the empire.
German-speaking delegates of the Reichsrat assembled as the
"German-Austrian Nationalrat" and proclaimed the ( First
Republic). The peace treaties of Saint-Germain (1919 with Austria) and
Trianon (1920 with Hungary) confirmed the distribution of the lands of
the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy to the Successor States.
!Literature
K. and M. Uhlirz, Handbuch der Geschichte Oe.-Ungarns,
vol. II/2 (1848-1914), 1941; Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848-1918, ed. by
A. Wandruszka and P. Urbanitsch, 3 vols., 1973-1980; Das Zeitalter
Kaiser Franz Josephs, exhibition catalogue, Grafenegg 1984 and 1987.
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19,825</TD>
\\
3,635.0</TD>
\\
Vienna</TD>
\\
11,982</TD>
\\
864.0</TD>
\\
Linz</TD>
\\
7,969</TD>
\\
938.0</TD>
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Triest/Trieste</TD>
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51,200</TD>
\\
2,075.8</TD>
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Sarajevo</TD>
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