!!!Boltzmann, Ludwig

b. Vienna, Feb. 20, 1844, 
d. Duino near Tieste (Italy), Sept. 5, 1906 (suicide), one of the most 
important Austrian physicists, university professor in Graz, Leipzig 
and Vienna. First to prove experimentally the Maxwellian 
electromagnetic light theory 15 years before Hertz, thus 
substantiating J.  Stefan's law of radiation. Using the theory of 
probability he discovered the connection between thermodynamics and 
mechanics and applied the laws of statistics to gas molecules.

!Works
Vorlesungen ueber Maxwells Theorie der Elektrizitaet und des 
Lichts, 2 vols., 1891/1893; Vorlesungen ueber Gastheorie, 
2 vols., 1896/1898; Vorlesungen ueber Prinzipien der Mechanik, 
2 vols., 1897/1904; Wiss. Abhandlungen, 3 vols., 1909.

!Literature
E. Broda, L. B. Mensch, Physiker, Philosoph, 1955; 
W. Hoeflechner, L. B., sein akademischer Werdegang in Oe., 
1982; J. Blackmore (ed.), L. B., 2 vols., 1995; T. Leiber, 
Vom mechanistischen Weltbild zur Selbstorganisation des Lebens, 2000.



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