!!!Buchdruck

Printing: In Austria, the first printer, a S. Koblinger or Koglinger, 
worked in Vienna in 1482. From 1559 to 1565, the Jesuits had their own 
press in Vienna; in 1555 the first punches and type fonts were 
manufactured in Vienna. One of the oldest prints of sheet music in 
Austria was made in 1509 by J. Winterburger. The first press in Vienna 
specialising in printed music opened in 1791. During the Reformation, 
the Lower Austrian Estates had their own printing presses (1570 in the 
so-called Scheibenhof near Stein and from 1580 to 1618 in the Landhaus 
in Vienna). The Styrian Estates had a contract with a printer in Graz, 
and G. Widmanstetter set up an important press in Graz in 1585, which 
was taken over by A.  Leykam in 1806. 

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Printing was one of the free crafts. The Austrian printers were 
answerable to the Emperor and until 1767 to the university. Most of 
the printers were also booksellers ( Book Trade).

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The most important printers in Austria in the 17%%sup th/%  and 
18%%sup th/%  centuries were M. Cosmerovius, J. van Ghelen, J. Gerold 
and J. T.  Trattner. Trattner dominated printing in Austria for 
almost 50 years. He set up presses and opened bookshop branches in all 
the major towns of the monarchy and established his own type foundry 
in Vienna. Many Austrian printers made valuable contributions to the 
technical improvement of printing in the 19%%sup th/%  and 
20%%sup th/%  centuries.

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L. Mueller (1799-1844) from Vorarlberg was a pioneer in machine 
printing. He completed the first high-speed printing press in Austria 
in 1833 and established Austria's first factory for producing printing 
presses, the second such enterprise on the European mainland. A. 
Strauss (1775-1827) improved punch cutting and type founding as early 
as 1800, made several attempts at stereotype printing using the 
technique developed by Didot and in 1815 invented a high-speed press. 
F. Raffelsberger was the first in Austria to produce printed 
multi-coloured maps in 1835/1836. C.  Gerold introduced lithography 
into Austrian printing in 1816. C.  Angerer invented a new method of 
etching zinc, the "Viennese etching process", introduced the chalk 
manner and mezzotint techniques and in 1882 invented autotype 
technique simultaneously with G. Meisenbach in Munich. A. Angerer 
developed the technique of colour printing, A. Huebl invented the 
darkroom and the revolving studio and the galvanoplastic process. E. 
Tschulik built a typesetting machine for the Staatsdruckerei 
government press. J. Loewy invented the production of multi-coloured 
pictures by combining lithography, photography and the gelatine 
emulsion plate, and in 1872 set up the "First Institute of 
Lithography" in Vienna. In 1866, C. Reisser replaced direct type 
printing by printing from stereotype plates which were molded from 
papier-mâche matrices. In 1873 he printed for the first time on 
a rotary press, which he had constructed together with G. Sigl. J. V.  
Degen, the first director of the Austrian  Staatsdruckereistate 
printing press. He also invented the multi-colour printing process 
(from 1821) and banknotes containing guilloches and watermarks. This 
technique was to become the basis of banknote and securities printing 
for many countries. A.  Auer-Welsbach gained international renown for 
the Staatsdruckerei government press with a number of important 
inventions. At the beginning of the First World War, Austria had a 
leading position in the production of guilloching and watermarking 
machines. The Institute of  Military Geography (Militaergeographisches 
Institut) in Vienna also contributed to Austria's good reputation in 
the field of printing, especially in the production of maps. Austria 
also led in the production of playing cards.

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The printing of works in foreign languages, in particular in oriental 
languages, has had a long tradition in Austria, for example by the 
Oesterreichische Staatsdruckerei and the print shop of the  
Mechitarists. In 1675, the first Arabic press was set up in Vienna. 
Until A.  Senefelder's discovery of lithography before 1800, 
woodcutting and (particularly since the mid 16%%sup th/%  century) 
copper engraving dominated the field of book illustration. ( Graphic 
Arts).

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At the beginning of the 19%%sup th/%  century there were also notable 
achievements in bookbinding in the empire style. At the beginning of 
the 20%%sup th/%  century, artists of the Wiener Werkstaetten, in 
particular J.  Hoffmann and K.  Moser, became known for their artistic 
book cover designs.

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In the wake of the various EDP developments during the 20%%sup th/%  
century, especially the widespread use of PCs, Hochdruck has come to 
be replaced by offset printing. Latest developments in electronic 
printing, such as cross-media publishing and digital printing, have 
also had a major impact.

!Literature
M. Denis, Wiens Buchdruckergeschichte bis 1560, 1782-1793; 
A. Mayer, Wiens Buchdruckergeschichte 1482-1822, 1883-1887; 
Bibliographie der oesterreichischen Drucke des 
15./16. Jahrhunderts, 1913; G. Fritz, Geschichte der Wiener 
Schriftgiessereien, 1924; A. Durstmueller, 500 Jahre Druck in 
Oesterreich, 3 vols., 1982.


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