!!!Fachlehrer

Fachlehrer, teachers trained in only one subject or one subject group; 
in the 19%%sup th/%  century they replaced general-education teachers 
who taught all subjects (with the exception of religious education), 
entering the school system at the university prepatory level 
(1806-1818, after 1849), and then began teaching at Realschulen and 
Buergerschulen (mid-level, post-elementary schools) ( Hauptschule). 
The educational system emphasising the use of specially trained 
teachers, rejected by Empress Maria Theresia in 1775, was at first 
very controversial and only achieved a sustainable basis when the 
universities and teacher training colleges began offering courses of 
study with concentration in one particular field. Universities 
introduced the teaching certification exam in 1849, teacher training 
colleges began offering certification courses for teaching at 
Buergerschulen in 1886.


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