!!!Freud, Sigmund

Freud, Sigmund, b. Příbor, Czech Republic (then Freiberg), May 6, 1856, 
d. London (United Kingdom), Sept. 23, 1939, neurologist, 
physician; founder of psychoanalysis, the theory of the unconscious 
mind. Father of Anna  Freud. From 1876-1882 worked at the Vienna 
Physiological Institute of E. W. von  Bruecke and under T.  
Meynert and became lecturer of neuropathology in 1885. Conducted 
research on the narcotic and anaesthetizing properties of cocaine and 
thus initiated further developments in the field of local anaesthesia. 
In 1885/86 he studied the technique of hypnosis and problems 
originating from hysteria under J. M. Charcot in Paris, and under 
Liebault and Bernheim in Nancy in 1889. Became associate professor in 
1902 and was awarded the Goethe Prize in 1930. Had to emigrate to 
London in 1938.

\\
In Vienna F.'s research was at first based on J.  Breuer's 
"cathartic-therapeutic" method. However, he soon replaced Breuer's 
method of cure based on hypnosis by his own psychoanalytic method of 
treatment, known as the technique of free association (repressed 
unpleasant experiences and memories are brought into consciousness). 
He focused on the general idea that experiences during childhood 
constitute the reason for the development of certain mental illnesses.

\\
F.'s psychoanalytic theory provided the basis for modern depth 
psychology and psychotherapy and led to the evolution of further 
concepts, such as A.  Adler's individual psychology, C. G. Jung's 
complex psychology, W. Stekel's theory. Psychoanalysis, which started 
as a theory of drives, developed into a comprehensive theory of the 
overall personality of the human being. His ideas and work not only 
influenced modern psychology, particularly in the Anglo-American 
world, but also had effects on other fields of cultural life, such as 
aesthetics, theology, literature and ethnology. F. was also a notable 
author.

\\
In 1971 a museum was established in his home in the 9th district of 
Vienna, Berggasse 19.

!Works
Studien zur Hysterie, 1895, together with J. Breuer (Studies in 
Hysteria, 1955); Die Traumdeutung, 1900 (The Interpretation of Dreams, 
1953); Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens, 1901 (Psychopathology 
of Everyday Life, 1960); Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten, 
1905; 3 Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie, 1905 (Three Essays on the 
Theory of Sexuality, 1953); Vorlesungen zur Einfuehrung in die 
Psychoanalyse, 1917 (A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, 1920); 
Jenseits des Lustprinzips, 1920 (Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1955); 
Das Ich und das Es, 1923 (The Ego and the Id, 1961); Die Zukunft einer 
Illusion, 1927 (The Future of an Illusion, 1961); Das Unbehagen in der 
Kultur, 1930 (Civilization and Its Discontents, 1961).- Editor of the 
magazine Imago, from 1912; Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, from 1913; 
Internat. Zeitschrift fuer Psychoanalyse, 1913; The International 
Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1919. - Edition: Studienausgabe, ed. by A. 
Mitscherlich et al., 12 vols., 1969.

!Literature
E. Ludwig, Der entzauberte F., 1946; E. Jones, Leben und 
Werk von S. F., 3 vols., 1960-62; P. Gay, F., 1989; H. 
Kaetzel, S. F., ein biograph. Essay, 1992; P. Roazen, S. F. 
und sein Kreis, 1997; H.-M. Lohmann, S. F., 1998; O. Hejlek, 
S. F. fuer Einsteiger, 1999; P. Schneider, S. F., 1999; R. 
Speziale-Bagliacca, S. F. Begruender der Psychoanalyse, 2000.



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