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Naturschutz#

Protection of Nature, in Austria within the legislative and executive purview of the provinces. Protection of Nature comprises the protection of 1. natural monuments, 2. certain wild-growing plants (e.g. Alpine Flora) and wild animals, 3. areas marked off as nature preserves, 4. landscape in its function as general depiction of nature (landscape conservation). Areas Subject to Strictest Protection are natural preserves which are completely or almost completely untouched (primaeval forests, barren land, remains of steppe areas, moors, etc.); in such areas any interference with nature is strictly forbidden.


Areas Subject to Partial Protection are areas with rare species of plants and animals or various natural monuments.


Landscape Conservation Areas / Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty are self-contained areas used for recreation and tourism because of their picturesque landscape. Certain recreational areas can decide to merge as Nature Parks One special type are the National Parks. Provincial governments and district administration authorities have to keep a Naturschutzbuch ("Conservation Book") accessible to everyone, which lists all protected areas and objects. Apart from official conservationist activities, conservation has been practised by the Oesterreichische Naturschutzbund association since 1913.


The Imperial Forestry Act of 1852 for the first time created laws protecting nature. However, there were already regulations in the Middle Ages (forestry precepts, Protection Forest) for economic reasons. In 1860 laws were passed concerning Agricultural Production, Protection of and damage done to or theft of crops. In 1886 Salzburg passed a law for the protection of the Edelweiss flower; similar laws followed in Tirol (1892), Styria (1898) and in Vorarlberg (1904). Lower Austria enacted a similar law on the protection of Alpine plants in 1905, in 1924 the 1st Provincial Law on Nature Protection and the 1st Provincial Law on Cave Protection were passed. This was followed in 1924 by Tirol, in 1926 by Burgenland, in 1927 by Upper Austria, in 1929 by Salzburg, in 1931 by Carinthia, in 1932 by Vorarlberg and in 1935 by Vienna. The Lower Austrian law was the model for the German law on Nature Protection (1935) which was introduced in Austria in 1938. After 1945 new provincial laws on conservation (Lower Austria, Styria and Tirol 1951, Carinthia 1953, Vienna 1955, Upper Austria and Salzburg 1956) were based on the Lower Austrian law. According to this law, high-lying forests on erosive grounds or forests on precipices can be declared protection forests in order to protect people from avalanches, landslides, rockfall, karstification, etc. Plants protected by law must not be removed from their location, must not be damaged or destroyed, transferred, purchased, transported or offered for sale. This also applies to single parts of these plants. Partial protection of plants is limited to certain forms of development, times, locations, use or parts. It is forbidden to remove the subterranean parts of these plant species, but picking the surface parts for private use is allowed. Certain species must not be gathered, traded or offered for sale. The majority of nature reserves and landscape conservation areas are lakes and their shores, areas around highways and mountain roads, primaeval forests, moors, narrow gorges, steppes and the green belts of large towns.

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