!!!Südtirol, Alto Adige
South Tyrol (also South Tirol), Italian: "Alto Adige", from
1948 to 1972 the official German name was "Tiroler
Etschland"; denotes the part of the Tyrol south of the Brenner
Pass, which formerly belonged to Austria; since 1919 part of Italy;
7,400 km%%sup 2/%, pop. 422,900 (1991). The majority of the
population in the larger cities (Bolzano, Merano, Bressanone) is
Italian; the rural population largely consists of native-speakers of
German (1991: 68 % German-speaking, 27,6 % Italian-speaking,
4,4 % Ladin-speaking). The economy is dominated by tourism (24.8
million overnight stays, million 3.9 visitors, half of them from
Germany).
\\
The South Tyrol boasts an old and rich culture. The oldest secular
frescoes in German-speaking countries can be seen in the St. Prokulus
church (Naturns/Naturno). The murals, discovered in 1972/73, in
Rodeneck Castle are considered to be the oldest secular frescoes in
Europe. Aribo from Obermais near Merano wrote the oldest book on the
German language around 770. A copy of the Nibelungenlied was found in
Obermontani Castle in the Vinschgau (Val Venosta) region; Hans Ried of
Bozen (Bolzano) wrote the only surviving manuscript of the Gudrunlied.
Walther von der Vogelweide almost certainly came from Lajen (Laion)
in the Eisack (Isarco) valley as did Oswald von Wolkenstein. M.
Pacher, P. Troger and J. P. Fallmerayer also came from the
South Tyrol. Two of the most important modern artists are P. Flora
and K. Plattner. The Gothic cloister of Bressanone (Brixen) is
decorated with the most important example of Alpine mural paintings.
The South Tyrol has more than 130 fortresses and castles and a
relatively large number of towns that were established early on in its
history (Meran/Merano, Sterzing/Vipiteno, Klausen/Chiusa).
\\
In 1920 "Der Schlern", a magazine devoted to issues of local
history and culture, was founded. The South Tyrol cultural institute
in Bolzano, established in 1954, arranges annual exhibitions,
authors´ readings, conferences on local culture and education
and guest performances by foreign theatres and orchestras.
\\
The Ladins live in the 4 Dolomite valleys of Val Badia (Gadertal), Val
Gardena (Groedner Tal), Val d´Avisio (Fassatal), and Valle
d´Ampezzo (Ampezzotal)-Buchenstein and are divided among the 3
provinces of Bolzano, Trento and Belluno.
\\
Since 1945 German-language and Italian-German-Ladin language education
has existed side by side with Italian schools.
\\
History: Until 1919 the South Tyrol was an important part of the
Tyrol. Contrary to Wilson´s Fourteen Points and the desire of
the population, the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 not only attached
the Italian-speaking Trentino to Italy, but also the German-speaking
South Tyrol from Salurn (Salorno) to the Brenner/Brennero Pass. The
Italianisation of the region was started almost immediately (mainly on
the initiative of E. Tolomei from Trentino), beginning with place
names, schools, etc. and was advanced even more after Mussolini came
to power (1922): local municipal administration authorities were
abolished, Italian mayors were appointed, German-language schools and
German-language private tuition were banned, the use of the German
language in public offices and in public life was forbidden, family
names were Italianised and local ethnic groups were ousted from public
office. Italian immigration was encouraged to advance Italianisation,
the number of Italians rose quickly, especially in the towns. In 1939
Hitler signed an agreement with Mussolini on the resettlement of the
South Tyrol population. Following Italian coercive measures and German
propaganda, 213,000 South Tyroleans (86 % of the German- and
Ladin-speaking population) opted for German nationality. By 1943
70,000 South Tyroleans, mainly salaried employees from the towns and
villages in the valleys, had emigrated. In September 1943 the South
Tyrol and its neighbouring Italian provinces were occupied by German
troops.
\\
After the end of the war, in May 1945, the South Tyrolean
People´s Party was founded in Bolzano; it demanded the right of
self-determination for the region. 156,628 South Tyroleans
(practically the whole adult native population) signed a petition
calling for the return to Austria. This demand was presented by
Austria at the Paris peace conference, but rejected by the Allies in
1946. The Paris Agreement between Austria and Italy was signed and
adopted as an amendment to the Italian peace treaty of 1947. The
agreement, and the issue of autonomy in particular, was only
marginally observed; the South Tyrol was united under the Statute of
Autonomy of 1948 with the Italian-speaking Trentino to form one region
in which the Italians had a 5 : 2 majority. At the same time
parts of the Trento province which belonged to the German-speaking
region came to the Bolzano province, as well as the
"Unterland" south of Bozen/Bolzano, the 4 German-speaking
municipalities in the upper Nonsberg region and the 2 German-speaking
municipalities in the Fleimstal/Val di Fiemma valley. Within the
region, the provinces of Bolzano and Trento have been granted
autonomy, i.e. they have their own regional governments, diets and
power of legislation. The issue of optants (Italian or German
nationality) was settled satisfactorily; the provisions of the Paris
Treaty relating to the German-language school system, which had been
reintroduced in 1945 by the allied powers, were fulfilled. But
problems remained with language, public administration, allocation of
council flats, appointments to office and, above all, in the autonomy
issue, and despite Austria´s numerous diplomatic interventions,
complaints were long ignored by the Italian government. Negotiations
on compliance with the Paris Treaty continued for a long time, radical
South Tyrol activists carried out bomb attacks. On November 22, 1969
the assembly of the South Tyrol People´s Party finally adopted
the negotiation results ( South Tyrol Package) with a narrow majority.
From then on South Tyrolean representatives tried hard to put the
concessions made by the Italian government into practice. When the
provincial assembly of the South Tyrolean People´s Party (SVP)
approved the implementation of the South Tyrol Package on May 30, 1992
and Austria officially declared before the United Nations on June 11,
1992 that the dispute with Italy had been settled, the South Tyrol
negotiations had reached their formal conclusion.
\\
The expansion of South Tyrol´s autonomy enabled its further
development in the economic and cultural fields. Important facilities
were established, such as museums and libraries, music courses were
organised and a radio station was set up through which the population
was given access to emissions from the German-language countries etc.
Academic training and the training of skilled workers was improved.
All these changes also effected the migration of the population.
\\
The German-speakers and the Ladins in the South Tyrol are represented
in the Italian parliament (election of 1994) by 3 delegates and 3
senators (SVP), the Italian-speakers by one senator (neo-Fascists =
MSI/DN); 3 politicians from the Bolzano province (SVP, Verdi/Greens,
MSI/DN) have seats in the European Parliament. In the South Tyrolean
provincial diet (election of 1993) the SVP holds 19 seats and the
neo-Fascists have 4, the Verdi/Green, the Liberals, the Union for
South Tyrol and the Partito Popolare hold 2 seats each, the Lega Nord,
the Partito Democratico della Sinistra, the Ladins and the Unione
Centro 1 seat each. The neo-Fascists are by far the strongest Italian
political party in the South Tyrol. The South Tyrol provincial
government is made up of the provincial governor and 10 provincial
councillors. The provincial governor comes from the SVP (1948-55 K.
Erckert, 1956-60 A. Pupp, 1960-89 S. Magnago, since 1989 L.
Durnwalder).
\\
Developments in the ecclesiastical structure of the South Tyrol: until
1964 the northern part of the South Tyrol up to Klausen/Chiusa and the
Obervinschgau upper part of Val Venosta and the area around
Ampezzo-Buchenstein formed the diocese of Bressanone, to which the
largest part of northern Tyrol and Vorarlberg had belonged until 1925,
while the lower Eisack/Isarco Valley and the Etsch/Adige Valley, with
the cities of Bolzano and Merano, belonged to the diocese of Trento.
In 1964 the German-speaking deaneries of the bishopric of Trento were
merged with the diocese of Bressanone to form a single diocese
("Diocese Bolzano-Bressanone"). The boundaries of the
dioceses now correspond to the provincial borders.
!Literature
Suedtirol in Not und Bewaehrung, ed. by A. Ebner 1955; J.
Koegl, Der Bozner Anteil der Kirche des heiligen Vigilius im
Spiegelbild der Zahlen, 1956; A. Leidlmaier, Bevoelkerung und
Wirtschaft in Suedtirol, 1958; W. and E. Frodl, Kunst in Suedtirol,
1960; Suedtirol, Eine Frage des europaeschen Gewissens, ed. by F.
Huter, 1965; M. Forcher, Ti. Geschichte in Wort und Bild,
%%sup 2/%1984; K. Stuhlpfarrer, Umsiedlung Suedtirols, 2 vols.,
1985; J. Gelmi, Kirchengeschichte Ti., 1986; J. Fontana et al.,
Geschichte des Landes Tirol, 4 vols., 1985ff.; W. Freiberg,
Suedtirol und der italienische Nationalismus, 2 vols., 1989f.; E.
Baumgartner, H. Mayr and G. Mumelter, Feuernacht, %%sup 2/%1992;
Suedtirol-Handbuch, %%sup 13/%1994.
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