!!!Poland: Economy
Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and Poland's economy was the only EU country to avoid a recession through the 2008-09 economic downturn. Although EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy since 2004, GDP per capita remains significantly below the EU average and the unemployment rate is now below the EU average. \\  \\ The government of Prime Minister Donald TUSK steered the Polish economy through the economic downturn by skillfully managing public finances and adopting controversial pension and tax reforms to further shore up public finances. While the Polish economy has performed well over the past five years, growth slowed in 2013 and picked back up in 2014-15. Poland’s new center-right Law and Justice government plans to introduce expansionary economic policies to spur long-term growth, but social spending programs are expected to lead to increased deficit spending over the medium term. \\  \\ Poland faces several challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix and sources of supply, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, and as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation.
!!Economic Facts
||GDP (purchasing power parity)|$1.052 trillion (2016 est.) \\ $1.02 trillion (2015 est.) \\ $984.4 billion (2014 est.) \\ ''__note__'': data are in 2016 dollars \\ 
||GDP (official exchange rate)|$467.4 billion (2015 est.)
||GDP - real growth rate|3.1% (2016 est.) \\ 3.7% (2015 est.) \\ 3.3% (2014 est.)
||GDP - per capita (PPP)|$27,700 (2016 est.) \\ $26,800 (2015 est.) \\ $25,900 (2014 est.) \\ ''__note__'': data are in 2016 dollars \\ 
||Gross national saving|20.3% of GDP (2016 est.) \\ 20.3% of GDP (2015 est.) \\ 18.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
||GDP - composition, by end use|''household consumption'': 57.4% \\ ''government consumption'': 17.8% \\ ''investment in fixed capital'': 19.8% \\ ''investment in inventories'': 0.8% \\ ''exports of goods and services'': 50.5% \\ ''imports of goods and services'': -46.3% (2016 est.) \\ 
||GDP - composition, by sector of origin|''agriculture'': 2.7% \\ ''industry'': 38.5% \\ ''services'': 58.9% (2016 est.) \\ 
||Agriculture - products|potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy
||Industries|machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
||Industrial production growth rate|4.2% (2016 est.)
||Labor force|17.78 million (2016 est.)
||Labor force - by occupation|''agriculture'': 12.6% \\ ''industry'': 30.4% \\ ''services'': 57% (2012) \\ 
||Unemployment rate|9.6% (2016 est.) \\ 10.5% (2015 est.)
||Population below poverty line|17.3% (2012 est.)
||Household income or consumption by percentage share|''lowest 10%'': 3.3% \\ ''highest 10%'': 25.6% (2012 est.) \\ 
||Distribution of family income - Gini index|32.4 (2012) \\ 33.7 (2008)
||Budget|''revenues'': $73.4 billion \\ ''expenditures'': $86.56 billion (2016 est.) \\ 
||Taxes and other revenues|15.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
||Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)|-2.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
||Public debt|44.7% of GDP (2016 est.) \\ 45% of GDP (2015 est.) \\ ''__note__'': data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-government \\ 
||Fiscal year|calendar year
||Inflation rate (consumer prices)|-0.8% (2016 est.) \\ -1% (2015 est.)
||Central bank discount rate|2.5% (31 December 2014) \\ 1.5% (31 December 2013)
||Commercial bank prime lending rate|5.1% (31 December 2016 est.) \\ 4.92% (31 December 2015 est.)
||Stock of narrow money|$186.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) \\ $177.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
||Stock of broad money|$306.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.) \\ $318.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
||Stock of domestic credit|$344.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) \\ $337.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
||Market value of publicly traded shares|$137.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) \\ $168.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) \\ $204.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
||Current account balance|-$250 million (2016 est.) \\ -$1.117 billion (2015 est.)
||Exports|$188.3 billion (2016 est.) \\ $190.8 billion (2015 est.)
||Exports - commodities|machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2012 est.)
||Exports - partners|Germany 27.1%, UK 6.8%, Czech Republic 6.6%, France 5.5%, Italy 4.8%, Netherlands 4.4% (2015)
||Imports|$189.5 billion (2016 est.) \\ $188.4 billion (2015 est.)
||Imports - commodities|machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9% (2011 est.)
||Imports - partners|Germany 27.6%, China 7.5%, Russia 7.2%, Netherlands 5.9%, Italy 5.2%, France 4.1% (2015)
||Reserves of foreign exchange and gold|$90.21 billion (31 December 2016 est.) \\ $94.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
||Debt - external|$344.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) \\ $332.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
||Stock of direct foreign investment - at home|$228.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) \\ $221.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
||Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad|$64.62 billion (31 December 2016 est.) \\ $62.12 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
||Exchange rates|zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - \\ 4.056 (2016 est.) \\ 3.7721 (2015 est.) \\ 3.7721 (2014 est.) \\ 3.1538 (2013 est.) \\ 3.26 (2012 est.)