!!!Astronomie

Astronomy: The first home of the science of astronomy in Austria was 
the University of Vienna, founded in 1365. The fame of the 1st Vienna 
School of Astronomy 100 years later was linked to the names of 
Johannes von Gmunden, Georg von Peuerbach and Regiomontanus. Provost 
Georg I. Muestinger of Klosterneuburg also promoted astronomy. Towards 
the end of the 16th century, the patronage of Emperor Rudolf II 
was especially helpful in the development of this science; he called 
the Danish astronomer Tycho de Brahe (1546-1601) to Austria. J. Kepler 
also worked for the longest period of his career in Austria. At the 
beginning of the 18th century, the court mathematician J. Marinoni 
constructed an observatory tower on the roof of his house and 
furnished it primarily with homemade instruments. Encouraged and led 
by Marinoni, the Jesuits followed suit with their own observatory atop 
their collegiate building in 1733.

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In 1755 the University Observatory was built in the newly completed 
university building; the observatory was equipped with Marinoni's 
instruments and headed by Maximilian Hell. The Vienna University 
Observatory created the first periodical publication for astronomy as 
an appendix to the Ephemerides, which were published from 1757 (10 
years before the English, almost 20 years before the Berlin Academy) 
until 1807. Hell's students and assistants, A. Pilgram, F. Triesnecker 
and J. T. Buerg, continued his work. Along with the observatory 
in Vienna, the Kremsmuenster (Upper Austria) monastery's  
"Mathematische Turm", constructed 1748-1759 by the abbots A. 
Fixlmueller and A. Desing, also produced high-quality results. The 
meridian circle set up there in 1908 is the only one in Austria which 
is still in operation to this day and still produces results.

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At the University of Vienna, "On the Heavens and Earth" ("Ueber Himmel 
und Erde") lectures were held continuously from 1391 to 1882. In the 
19th century, distinguished names in the history of Austrian astronomy 
appeared: J. J. and K. L. von Littrow, C. Doppler, the 
pioneer of the new science of astronomy which included physics in its 
methods, and T. von Oppolzer, a master of algorithmic 
astronomical calculations. K. L. v. Littrow distinguished himself 
by his great accomplishments in the construction of the new Vienna 
University Observatory on the Tuerkenschanze in the 19th district of 
Vienna. At the time, equipping an observatory with modern instruments 
and apparatus was not immediately possible.

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However, a large number of ideas originated at the Vienna University 
Observatory, for example under E. Weiss and K. Graff. While Weiss, his 
successor and his students remained loyal to classical astronomy, the 
connection to modern physical astronomy was established by R. Spitaler 
(astrophotography), J. Palisa (planetoid research) and J. Holetschek 
(comets and nebulae). Around 1900, the private observatory established 
in Ottakring (16th district of Vienna) by the brewery owner M. Kuffner 
was for a short time better known to the public than the University 
Observatory. This was mainly due to the work of L. de Ball and S. 
Oppenheim. Other (mainly theoretically orientated) astronomy scholars 
before and after World War II were J. Hepperger, K. Hillebrand, A. 
Prey and K. Schuette.

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After 1955, binary star and lunar research (J. Hopmann) in Vienna as 
well as solar physics (Kanzelhoehe solar observatory of the University 
of Graz, H. Haupt) yielded important data. In 1965 the 
Leopold-Figl-Observatorium fuer Astrophysik (Leopold Figl Astrophysics 
Observatory) on Schoepfl mountain was established (inaugurated on 
September 25, 1969). A. Purgathofer and R. Rakos worked there 
alongside their international research projects. The field of 
theoretical astronomy and the history of astronomy was studied by K. 
Ferrari d´Occhieppo, the field of classic observational 
astronomy by P. Jackson in Vienna, the field of radioastronomy by J. 
Pfleiderer in Innsbruck. Small planets were also studied in Graz. 
Through membership in the ESA (European Space Agency), Austrian 
astronomers are able to gain access to astronomical experiments on 
space platforms.


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