!!!Bürgertum

Bourgeoisie: Originally the term denoted house-owners resident in a 
town to whom citizenship was granted. In the 19%%sup th/%  century the 
term was also extended to civil servants, teachers, entrepreneurs, 
bankers, and others, i.e. it referred to an economically defined 
class. A considerable part of the bourgeoisie held liberal views and 
the bourgeoisie also played a decisive part in the 1848 Revolution and 
the following developments. In the course of the Industrial Revolution 
the bourgeoisie gradually developed into the political and social 
antithesis of the socialist-oriented workers' movement. By the 
20%%sup th/%  century, the members of the bourgeoisie were considered 
as politically conservative or right-wing, culturally as the guardians 
of traditional values. Since the middle of the 20%%sup th/%  century, 
petty bourgeois life-styles have spread to the former working class.

!Literature
H. Stekl, P. Urbanitsch et al. (eds.), Buergertum in 
der Habsburgermonarchie, 2 vols., 1990-1992.


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