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Turning: The technique of turning (turned work) was already known in 
ancient Egypt and was brought to Europe by the Romans. In Germany, 
turnery can be traced back to the 7%%sup th/%  century; a chair with 
turned forms has been preserved from the 9%%sup th/%  century. The 
craft of turning achieved a high level of perfection at the beginning 
of the 17%%sup th/%  century. Frames of chairs, benches and beds as 
well as spinning wheels and boxes were produced to high artistic 
standards. Fine examples are rosaries, toys, and "Kroesenbuechsen" 
(for example, from Viechtau, Upper Austria), given to children by 
their godparents to hold presents commemorating their christening. 
Spigots ("Piepen") for barrels containing cider, wine, or beer were 
economically important. Today the turners are represented as a trade 
in the Austrian Economic Chamber.

!Literature
L. Schmidt, Volkskunst in Oesterreich, 1966; H. Gruenn, 
Fassbinder, Fassboden, Handwerk und Kunst, 1968.


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