!!!Humanismus

Humanism: an attitude of mind emanating from 15th century Italy which 
swept over all of Europe during the 16th century and aimed at the 
revival of the traditions of Antiquity. In Tirol  Eleonore von 
Oesterreich, wife of Duke Sigmund, and  Nicholas of Cusa, bishop of 
Brixen, were the first individuals to promote Humanism; they were 
followed by Johannes  Fuchsmagen, who was born in Hall in Tirol and 
later moved to Vienna, where Enea Silvio  Piccolomini, secretary to 
Friedrich III from 1437, was a proponent of Humanism. In the 
sciences  Georg von Peuerbach (1423-1461), a mathematician and 
astronomer, created a link between the new philosophy and the 
sciences. His circle included  Regiomontanus, who continued to 
propagate his ideas, and Cardinal Basilius Bessarion. During the reign 
of Maximilian I, Humanism was greatly furthered when he called 
Conradus  Celtisto Vienna in 1497. Celtis was the leading champion of 
Humanism in Austria, who united his friends and followers in the  
Sodalitas litteraria Danubiana. In 1501 Maximilian founded the 
Collegium poetarum et mathematicorum, which was to devote itself to 
the disciplines of humanist thought mentioned in its name and was 
given the right to award the laurel of poetry to worthy candidates. 
Leading personalities of the time in Austria were K. Peutinger ( 
Peutingersche Tafel ), L.  Sunthaym, J.  Stabius and others. Celtis' 
early death prevented further advances, but such scholars as J.  
Cuspinianus and J.  Watt continued the humanist tradition at the 
University of Vienna until 1518. Humanism prevailed as an educational 
movement, gained access to universities and schools and attracted the 
interest of noblemen, it inspired poetry, the publication of the works 
of the ancient and medieval authors, resulted in the introduction of 
Roman Law as the basis for jurisprudence and contributed greatly to 
the revival of humanist thought.

!Literature
K. Grossmann, Die Fruehzeit des Humanismus in Wien bis zu 
Celtis' Berufung, Jahrbuch fuer Landeskunde von Niederoesterreich, 
1929; A. Lhotsky, Umriss einer Wissenschaftspflege im alten 
Niederoesterreich, 1964; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ed.), 
Humanismus-Forschung seit 1945, 1975; H. Engelbrecht, Geschichte des 
oesterreichischen Bildungswesens, vol. 1, 1982; G. Hamann and R. 
Groesing, Der Weg der Naturwissenschaften von J. v. Gmunden zu J. 
Kepler, 1988.


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