!!!Innungen

Guilds, associations of master craftsmen, journeymen, apprentices, and 
the various traders connected with a particular craft formed for 
mutual aid and protection and for the furtherance of professional 
interests, existent since the Middle Ages, gained public character 
through the industrial code/trade regulations in 1859, and were 
incorporated into the organisation of the Chamber of Commerce as part 
of the trades and crafts section of the  Economic Chambers in the form 
of trade groups (federal guilds) or trade associations (provincial 
guilds) by the 1946 Chamber of Commerce Act (Handelskammergesetz). 
They have a separate legal personality, represent their members' 
professional interests and also run special trade schools.

!Literature
K. Korinek, Wirtschaftliche Selbstverwaltung, 1970.


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