!!!Jüdischer Sport

Jewish Sports Activities: Due to increasing anti-Semitism in sports 
and gymnastics clubs from the 1880´s onward (Jewish members of 
were excluded because of the so-called "Aryan paragraph") and also due 
to growing Jewish national consciousness, Jews began to form their own 
athletic associations. This applied to Jews in favour of assimilation 
as well as to those involved in the Zionist movement. Such 
organisations included the Deutsch-oesterreichischer Turnverein 
(German-Austrian Athletic Club), established in 1887, the Turnverein 
juedischer Hochschueler (Jewish Students´ Athletic Club, 1899), 
and the Sektion Donauland des Deutschen und oesterreichischen 
Alpenvereins (Danube Section of the German and Austrian Alpine 
Association, 1921). In 1903 the "Juedische Turnerschaft" athletic 
association, which included six Austrian clubs, was founded in Basel; 
in 1921 this gave rise to the "Weltverband Makkabi, Verband juedischer 
Turn- und Sportvereine", a world-wide association of Jewish athletic 
and sports clubs (called in Austria the "Juedischer Turn- und 
Sportverband Oesterreichs", the Jewish Athletic and Sports Association 
of Austria). In 1909 the sports association  Hakoah was founded in 
Vienna. After Germany´s annexation of Austria in 1938, Jewish 
sports associations were either forbidden or forced to consolidate as 
the "Makkabi-Wien" (Vienna Maccabees). In 1941 these also were forced 
to disband. Sports activities were taken up again after the Second 
World War when Hakoah was re-established in 1945. The Vienna Maccabee 
Games were held again in 1946.

!Literature
J. Bunzl (ed.), Hoppauf Hakoah, 1987.


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