!!!Jüdisches Schulwesen

Jewish Schools: As early as the Middle Ages and up until their 
expulsion, the Jews had well-developed school systems in all 
communities which had a synagogue; in addition to the elementary 
schools or chederim (a cheder is a Jewish parochial school), there 
were secondary Talmud schools in Vienna, Graz, and Wiener Neustadt. 
From the 18%%sup th/%  century, the state also took into 
consideration the educational needs of Jews who returned to Austria: 
Jewish elementary schools were established, special textbooks were 
printed, and from 1782 Jews were permitted to receive university 
degrees. After the Jews were granted equal civil rights in 1848 and 
Judaism was recognised as a religion in 1890, the Jews of Vienna 
established higher institutes of learning (Israelitisch-Theologische 
Lehranstalt, 1893; Zwi-Perez-Chajes-Realgymnasium, 1919) as well as a 
Jewish adult education centre (1934), and attracted notice with 
revolutionary teaching methods (e.g. S.  Bernfeld and the "Freie 
Juedische Schulsiedlung" Baumgarten, Jewish Montessori School, K.  
Furtmueller´s influence on the reform of Vienna´s 
schools). The period between the two World Wars was marked by the 
segregation of Jewish pupils (separate classes within the public 
schools, 1934) and university students (regulations revoked by the 
Constitutional Court in 1931). From 1938 on, Jewish children were 
taught only in separate schools by Jewish teachers, and in 1942 all 
schools were closed to Jews.

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In Vienna, as of 1994, three elementary schools, two middle schools 
for children from 10 to 14 years of age (Hauptschule), the 
Zwi-Perez-Chajes-Gymnasium and Realgymnasium (secondary school), the 
Vienna Academy for Higher Rabbinic Studies, and a Jewish institute for 
adult education (established in 1989) were being run by the Vienna 
Jewish Community and various Jewish associations.


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