!!!Kartographie
Cartography (mapping), the science and technique of designing,
producing, and using maps and charts in either analogue or digital
form.
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Cartography has a long tradition in Austria. The Klosterneuburg/Vienna
cartographic school produced excellent maps as early as the
15%%sup th/% century, e.g. the Fridericuskarte around 1421. At
the initiative of the rural nobility, other maps followed, with Tyrol,
represented primarily by M. Burgklechner and later P. Anich, taking
a leading role. After bad experiences with inadequate maps encountered
during the Seven Years' War, systematic cartographical documentation
was undertaken by engineering officers of the topographical unit of
the imperial armed forces ( Josephinian or Franzian Cartographical
Register). Austrian military cartography was particularly stimulated
by the integration of the Military Geographical Institute of Milan in
1816 as well as an amalgamation with the Austrian Institute of
Topography and Lithography in 1839 to form the Austro-Hungarian
Imperial Institute of Military Geography (k. k.
Militaergeographisches Institut) in Vienna. Particular achievements of
this institute were the production of a special register of the
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, drawn to a scale of 1 : 75,000,
in only 18 years ( Francisco-Josephinian Cartographical Register) and
(in cooperation with the Imperial War Surveying Office) a total of
71 million maps during the First World War. In 1862, Austria
joined the first international collaboration in geodesy, the Central
European Arc Measurement ("Mitteleuropaeische Gradmessung",
later called "Internationale Erdmessung", the International
Association of Geodesy). In order to supply the economic,
administrative, and scientific needs for precise maps, the Fourth
Cartographical Register was begun in 1896. In 1921 the Institute of
Military Geography became the Bundesvermessungsamt (Federal Surveying
Office) and in 1923 was given the name Bundesamt fuer Eich- und
Vermessungswesen (BEV), which it has held up to the present day.
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Today all official maps and their derivatives are produced by the
Gruppe Landesaufnahme (cartography department) of the BEV. Since the
1950s these maps have been based on the Oesterreich-Karte
("Austrian Register"), drawn on a scale of
1 : 50,000 (OeK50), which comprises 213 maps and, with more
extensive information in the margins as well as on the maps
(reinforced grids, medical corps information), is also used as the
Austrian Military Register (Oesterreichische Militaerkarte, OeMK50)
for national defence purposes. Registers derived from the
Oesterreich-Karte 1 : 50,000 are the Oesterreich-Karte
1 : 200,000 (OeK200) with 23 maps and a one-page map of
Austria on a scale of 1 : 500,000 (OeK500), a reprographic
enlargement of the OeK50 to 1 : 25,000 (OeK25V), and one of
the OeK500 to 1 : 300,000 (OeK300V).
\\
In addition to these traditional registers, the BEV also has the
following: the orthogonally revised, distortion-free aerial photograph
map 1 : 10,000 (OeLK10); the Oesterreich Basiskarte
(Austrian basis map) 1 : 5,000 (consisting of an
orthophotograph, contour map, and cadastral map reduction; a digital
ground level model in a 50-m-grid of all of Austria; a topographic
model with selected digital vector information; and a cartographic
model with the complete digital grid information of the OeK50 with a
resolution of 200 lines/cm.
\\
Cartography in Austria is institutionally anchored at the University
of Vienna (Institute of Geography, Cartography Department) and at the
Vienna University of Technology (Institute of Cartography and
Reproduction Technology), as well as at the Joanneum in Graz. Private
cartography is done in particular by the two large cartographical
publishers Freytag-Berndt (G. Freytag) and Edition Hoelzel, as well
as by the cartographic division of the Austrian Alpine Association.
The company GEOSPACE in Salzburg specialises in the production of
satellite photograph maps. There are also a number of cartographic
companies that produce maps for everyday use.
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Cartographic research in Austria is concerned, among other areas, with
the development of computer-aided geographical information systems
(GIS) for the preparation, processing, and visualisation of spacial
conditions as well as - using digital picture processing - for the
preparation of orthophotographs, satellite photographs, and radar
pictures and also, using ground level information, for the production
of pseudo-three-dimensional pictures and animations.
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