!!!Ländler

Laendler (probably derived from  "Landl", the main regions of Upper 
Austria), term for originally improvised traditional couple turning 
dance with many figures in slow ¾ time (sometimes 2/4 time), 
which includes singing, yodelling, clapping hands or stamping feet. 
First documentary mention around 1500 in the form of pictures; the 
Laendler was a common type of dance but was only called "dance" until 
around 1800. It influenced society dances of the 18%%sup th/%  century 
(Styrienne, Tyrolienne), art music ("German Dances") and the 
development of the Viennese waltz. Variants are Wickler, Steirischer 
and Almerischer, which are courtship dances with complicated arm and 
hand holds; there is a special variant in the Salzkammergut region 
which combines singing and the clapping of hands. The "Landler", in 
contrast to the Laendler, developed in the Hausruckviertel, 
Traunviertel and Innviertel regions in Upper Austria and is a group 
dance with strict rules and without courtship or acrobatic displays, 
but with various, complicated figures and part singing 
("Zettellandler").  Schuhplattler in Tirol and parts of Salzburg.

!Literature
E. Hamza, Der Laendler, 1957; R. Wolfram, Volkstanz, in: 
Oesterr. Volkskundeatlas, 5%%sup th/%  instalment, 1974; R. Witzmann, 
Der Laendler in Wien, 1976; K. Horak, Laendler, in: Volksmusik in 
Oesterreich, 1984.


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