!!!Mahler, Gustav

b. Kaliště, Czech Republic (then Kalischt), July 7, 1860, d 
Vienna, May 18, 1911, world famous composer and conductor; husband of 
Alma M.  Mahler-Werfel, father of Anna  Mahler. The last great 
Austrian symphonic composer, continued the tradition of Anton  
Bruckner in his symphonic work, who was one of his teachers, side by 
side with his studies at the conservatory. Conductor from 1880 onwards 
in Bad Hall, Laibach (Ljubljana) and Olmuetz (Olomouc), 1883 to 1885 
in Kassel and Prague and 1886 to 1888 in Leipzig. 1888 to 1891 was 
Director of the Budapest Opera, 1891 to 1897 theatre conductor in 
Hamburg. From 1897 conductor at the Vienna  State Opera, which 
experienced a flowering during his management from 1898 to 1907. He 
brought numerous stars to Vienna (e.g. A.  Bahr-Mildenburg) and 
introduced various innovations; 1898 to 1901 conductor of the 
Philharmonic Concerts. 1902 he married Alma Maria Schindler (A.  
Mahler-Werfel). Conductor at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, 1909 
musical director of the New York Philharmonic Society. Struck by an 
incurable illness he returned to Vienna in 1911.

\\
A highly intellectual, nervous and sensitive composer and conductor, 
M. uncompromisingly dedicated his whole life to music. His late 
romantic style vacillates between irony and melancholy and is seen as 
typical of the end of the century mood. M. wrote, above all, songs and 
symphonies and combined both work categories in his orchestral songs 
or in the vocal parts included in his symphonies.

\\
The International G.-M. Society in Vienna (initiated by B.  Walter) 
was founded in 1955. The G. M. Honorary Medal has been awarded since 
1966. L. Bernstein was instrumental in promoting the revival of his 
music from the 1980s.

!Works
Das klagende Lied, 1880; 14 Lieder und Gesaenge aus der 
Jugendzeit, 1882; 4 Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen, 1883-1885 (based 
on own text); 10 songs from "Des Knaben Wunderhorn", 1888; 5 
children's requiems, 1902 (nach F. Rueckert); Das Lied von der Erde, 
1908; 10 Symphonies, 1888ff. (the last one remained unfinished, most 
of them with voice parts and chorus). - Edition: Saemtliche Werke, ed. 
by R. Kubik, 1960ff.

!Literature
G. Adler, G. M., 1916; Alma M., G. M. Briefe, 1924; Alma 
M., G. M., Erinnerungen und Briefe, 1940; B. Walter, G. M., 1936 
(%%sup 2/%1957); H. L. de la Grange, G. M., Chronique d'une vie, 3 
vols., 1973-1984; S. Wiesmann, G. M. und Wien, 1976; Z. Roman, G. M. 
American Years, 1989;F. Willnauer, G. M. und die Wr. Oper, 1993; J. 
Carr, G. M., 1997 (with index of works); E. W. Partsch and O. Pausch 
(eds.), Die Aera G. M., exhibition catalogue, Austrian Theatre Museum, 
Vienna 1997; H. H. Eggebrecht, Die Musik G. M., 1999; OeBL; NDB.


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