!!!Minister

Minister: Until 1848 the supreme bodies of state administration were 
collegially organized court authorities, from 1760 on they made up the 
Council of State (Staatsrat). In 1848 they were replaced by the 
ministerial system, which remained in existence during the time of 
neo-absolutism, as ministers took over the functions of the crown 
council and the monarch´s supreme executive authority. In the 
constitutional era ministers were subordinate to the monarch, but 
responsible to parliament, the representation of the people. Side by 
side with the 3 k. u. k. (= joint institutions of the western half of 
the monarchy on the one hand and the Royal Hungarian lands on the 
other) ministries (Ministry of the Exterior, Imperial Ministry of War, 
Imperial Ministry of Finance), there were in the western half of the 
Monarchy the Office of the Council of Ministers 
(Ministerratspraesidium) and 9 k. k. (= having authority solely over 
the western half of the monarchy) ministries (Interior, Education and 
Cultural Affairs, Justice, Finance, Trade, Public Works/Projects, 
Railways, Agriculture and National Defence).  Federal Ministers,  
Federal Ministries.


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