!!!Mittelalterliches Schulwesen

Medieval Schools, initially developed on the territory of present-day 
Austria in the 7%%sup th/% /8%%sup th/%  centuries in monasteries 
built in order to engage in missionary work, for training novices, 
some of whom entered the monasteries in early childhood (pueri 
oblati). As well as these monastic schools, cathedral schools were set 
up in bishoprics, among which Salzburg (after 774) was of special 
importance in the early and high Middle Ages. Teaching was in Latin up 
to modern times. As well as "interior" schools (schola interior) for 
future monks, major monasteries also had "exterior" schools (schola 
exterior) accessible to the nobility and burghers against payment. 
From the 12%%sup th/%  century on, major parishes also had educational 
institutions, mainly to train for work in churches and for secular 
clergymen. Among them the parish (or citizens') school of 
St. Stephen's enjoyed particularly high esteem. - Convents, which 
existed in great numbers, offered education for girls, also admitting 
"exterior" female pupils.

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In the late Middle Ages general studies were established in Vienna 
monasteries (Augustinian hermits, Dominicans and Carmelites); In 1365 
the Habsburg duke Rudolf IV founded the  University of Vienna. 
Moreover, self-confident burghers tried to use parish schools to 
provide the necessary competences for their trades and established 
municipal Latin schools. In the 15%%sup th/%  century a new school 
type serving the burghers' interests developed, where instruction was 
given in reading and writing in German, calculating, and on the units 
of coins, weights and measures. This  "deutsche Schule" (for boys and 
girls) was run on a commercial basis, often by individuals in need of 
a second income. By the end of the Middle Ages, Austria had 
institutions of learning from the elementary to the highest levels of 
education.


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