!!!Napoleonische Kriege

Napoleonic Wars: Austria was involved in all wars that France fought 
in Europe at the time of the French Revolution and especially under 
Napoleon I. Austria, Prussia, (left the Coalition in 1795) England, 
the Netherlands, Spain and Sardinia were all involved in the war of 
the First Coalition. Napoleon won the war in 1797 due to his advance 
into Styria. (Peace of  Campoformido). Austria, Russia, England, 
Naples, the Papal State and the Ottoman Empire participated in the war 
of the Second Coalition (1799-1802); Napoleon´s troops managed 
to advance into Lower Austria (the River Erlauf was the line of 
demarcation) until peace was concluded at Luneville. In the war of the 
Third Coalition Austria formed an alliance with Russia, England and 
Sweden. Napoleon forced Austria to capitulate at Ulm, occupied Vienna 
and won in the Battle of the Three Emperors at  Austerlitz (Slavkov u 
Brna, Czech Republic) in Moravia on December 2, 1805. The Peace of 
Pressburg ended this war. After a comprehensive military reform, the 
establishment of a national militia and under the impression of 
Spanish resistance, Austria once again declared war on France on April 
9, 1809. At the same time a rising of peasants took place in Tyrol. 
Napoleon again occupied Vienna, but was defeated in the Lobau, an 
island between the Danube and one of its arms, near the town of  
Aspern and at the town of Essling. However, he defeated the Austrians 
on July 5 and 6, 1809 in the battle of  Wagram. In the Peace of 
Schoenbrunn the Habsburg empire became completely landlocked and Tyrol 
was abandoned by the Austrian government. As a consequence Austria 
went through a phase of state bankruptcy. Austria was forced to 
participate in Napoleon´s Russian campaign but hardly suffered 
any losses. On August 8, 1813, Austria joined the allied Russians, 
Prussia and Sweden. Under the supreme command of Prince Karl zu 
Schwarzenberg Napoleon was decisively beaten in the "Battle of 
Nations" of Leipzig (October 16 - 18, 1813); the allied armies entered 
France, Napoleon was forced to abdicate and the Vienna Congress, whose 
task it was to reorganize Europe, was convened. The Napoleonic Wars 
influenced the development of the Austrian Empire and caused the 
dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

!Literature
Wiener Kongress, exhibition catalogue, Vienna 1965; 
Napoleon in Oesterreich, exhibition catalogue, Pottenbrunn 1973; M. 
Glover, The Napoleonic wars. An illustrated history 1792-1815, 1975; 
D. D. Howard (ed.), Napoleonic military history. A bibliography, 
1986.


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