!!!Novemberpogrom

November Pogrom, anti-Semitic pogrom in the night of November 9, 1938 
in the entire German Reich; the National Socialists presented it as a 
spontaneous reaction of the German people after the attack by Herschel 
Grynszpan on E. E. von Rath, the secretary of the German embassy, 
in Paris on November 7, 1938. In reality the pogrom was initiated by 
J. Goebbels and was mainly carried out by the SA. In the course of the 
pogrom all the synagogues and many stores owned by Jews were destroyed 
or heavily damaged; many  Jews were murdered or injured. At the same 
time Jews were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. The November 
pogrom was one of the first climaxes of National Socialist terror 
against Jews, which later culminated in what has come to be known as 
the "Final Solution", i.e. the systematic extermination of Jews.

!Literature
H. Rosenkranz, Der Novemberprogrom 1938 in Wien, 1988; Der 
Novemberprogrom 1938, exhibition-catalogue, Historisches Museum der 
Stadt Wien, 1988.


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