!!!Psychologie

Psychology: The field of psychology experienced a specific shift in 
its development thanks to the school of psychology developed in Vienna 
by S.  Freud. This school focused on the exploration of human 
psychodynamics and of psychological pathologies, and the treatment of 
these conditions using psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. A.  Adler, 
the founder of individual psychology, is regarded as a member of this 
school, although he distanced himself from Freud's views later on. The 
strictly methodical experimental approach founded by H.  Rohracher 
also derived from this particular school. In 1902 a group supporting 
Freud's views was formed which spawned the Vienna Psychoanalytic 
Organisation in 1910; members included A. Adler, W. Stekel, R. 
Reitler, M. Kahane, P.  Federn and O.  Rank.

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The physicist E.  Mach is regarded as a forerunner of Gestalt 
psychology. His work on the physiology of sensation, which stressed 
natural science aspects and dealt primarily with the perception of 
light or dark bands around the boundaries between areas of sharply 
differing illumination and the analysis of the sensation of movement, 
is considered revolutionary.

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In addition to the Vienna School of S. Freud, a Graz School of Gestalt 
Psychology, founded by A.  Meinong (a student of F.  Brentano), sprang 
up. Meinong also established the Laboratory of Psychology at the 
University of Graz in 1894, which attracted numerous important 
personalities in the field of psychology during its nearly 40 years of 
existence, such as S. Witasek, V. Benussi, R. Ameseder, W. M. 
Frankl, E. Martinak, E. Mally and F. Weber. The Graz school, often 
referred to as the Austrian school, was influenced by C. v.  
Ehrenfels, who was inspired by E. Mach to write his famous treatise 
"Ueber Gestaltqualitaeten" ("On the Qualities of Gestalt"). In 
contemporary psychology, the works of V.  Frankl, the founder 
logotherapy, whose main objective was to treat patients by helping 
them search for meaning in life, have been particularly noteworthy. 
The research of E.  Ringel in particular, on suicide and suicide 
prevention has also earned international recognition, as well as 
research on the psychology of communication conducted by P.  
Watzlawick.

!Literature
H. Meng, Psychoanalyse und Kultur, 1965; P. Nitzschke, Die 
reale Innenwelt, 1978; E. Lueck (ed.), Illustrierte Geschichte der 
Psychologie, 1993; E. Friedl, Der Wille zur Normalitaet, 1994.


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