!!!Salzburg Land
Salzburg Province (German: Salzburg): area 7,154.14 km%%sup 2/%;
pop. 482,365 (1991); population density: 67 per km%%sup 2/%; capital:
Salzburg; number of buildings: 102,691; 1 chartered town, 6
administrative districts, 16 court districts, 119 municipalities (of
which 4 are towns and 30 are market towns), Oberlandesgericht in Linz,
provincial court in the city of Salzburg.
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''Geographic Location:'' Salzburg Province is bordered to the north
and north-east by Upper Austria, to the south-east by Styria, to the
south by Carinthia and East Tyrol (since 1919 by a small part of South
Tyrol, Italy), to the west by North Tyrol, to the north-west by
Germany (Bavaria), where the Berchtesgadener Land forms a deep pocket
ending far into the province. The province was given its name because
its rich salt (German: Salz) deposits.
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''Geographic Features:'' Five sixths of Salzburg are mountainous; it
is located on the northern escarpment of the Eastern Alps on both
sides of the River Salzach and on the upper courses of the rivers
Saalach, Enns and Mur/Mura. The province comprises parts of the
Central Alps zone in the Hohe Tauern Range and Niedere Tauern
Mountains ( Hohe Tauern National Park), and also of the Salzburg
Schist Alps and Salzburg Limestone Alps, the Prealps and the Alpine
Foreland. The north-west of Salzburg is characterised by the numerous
lakes of the Salzkammergut District, with Lake Fuschlsee, the largest
part of Lake Wolfgangsee and parts of the shores of Lake Mondsee and
Lake Attersee. 74 % of the area of the province is drained by the
River Salzach (14 % by the River Mur/Mura, 6 % by the River
Enns, 4 % by the River Traun, and 2 % by the River Inn) to
the River Danube. Salzburg´s mountain lakes and alpine lakes
(except for Lake Wallersee and the Trumer Seen Lakes) are located in
the glaciated Central Alps. Large parts of the lime stocks are
karstic; as barren erosions of the limestone surface were formed,
underground water courses and complex cave systems developed (
Eisriesenwelt) in many parts of the Tennengebirge Mountains. Salzburg
is divided into natural landscapes which have determined the
historical division of the area as well as the contemporary
administrative structure: The Alpine Foreland and Salzburg´s
part of the Salzkammergut District are called Flachgau, the area of
the Limestone Alps and Lammertal valley make up the Tennengau Region,
the region around the middle Salzach Valley and Upper Enns Valley is
called Pongau Region, the region around Upper Salzach Valley and
Saalach Valley Pinzgau Region. The catchment area of the uppermost
course of the River Mur is referred to as the Lungau Region.
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''Climate:'' Frequently occurring barrier effects on north and
north-west air flows in westerly weather systems often cause westerly
winds and copious precipitation (also referred to as "Salzburg
drizzle") at the northern fringe of the Alps and in the high
alpine Limestone Alps. The climate in the Lungau region and in the
area of the uppermost course of the River Mur is very continental,
often with very low temperatures ("Austrian Siberia") and
relatively little precipitation. Fauna and flora are mainly alpine,
except for the Salzburg Basin and Flachgau, which have central
European fauna and flora. Rare species like the golden eagle, bald
eagle, or ravens can be found in the alpine regions; there are also
chamois and ibex. There is a great variety of wildlife (an estimated
20,000 species), which have not yet been fully recorded.
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''Population:'' The most populous political district is the city of
Salzburg with 143,978 inhabitants, followed by the district of
Salzburg-Umgebung with 118,137 inhabitants. 29.8 % of the
province´s population live in the city of Salzburg, which is the
fourth largest city of Austria; the second largest city of the
province of Salzburg is Hallein (17,271 inhabitants). Between 1981 and
1991 the province experienced a 9.1 % population increase, which
means that Salzburg has the highest population increase of all
provinces; this is equally due to immigration and an excess of births
over deaths. Characteristics of the traditional Salzburg dialects are
the strong aspiration of r (Hro) in initial position, the unround
pronunciation of front vowels before l and especially in the Pinzgau
Region, the diminutive syllable ai (e.g. Hansai = diminutive of the
name Hans). The rural settlements are characterised by 2 different
farmhouse types, which are often combined: the Einhof (type of
solitary farmhouse) and the Gruppenhof (type of farmhouse with
"scattered" buildings). The Einhof-type is mainly found in
the pre-alpine area of the Flachgau. The majority of the Gruppenhof
types are located in the longitudinal valley of the River Salzach and
in the northern part of the Pinzgau (Pinzgauer Paarhof and Haufenhof)
and also in the Salzachpongau area and the Ennspongau area (Pongauer
Paarhof). In the northern Foreland ("Lamprechtshausen
triangle") there are Gruppenhof types in a regular arrangement as
Dreiseithof (trilateral type of farmstead) and Vierseithof
(quadrilateral type of farmstead), which are also found in the
Innviertel Region.
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''Agriculture:'' The humid climate favours ley farming (alternate
growing of crops and grass). 83 % of the agriculturally used area
are woodland, meadows, pastures and Alpine pastures (21 % of all
Austrian Alpine pastures, ( Alpine pasture husbandry), about 1 %
of the land is arable land. Farming is only relevant in the
northeastern part of the Flachgau and in the Lungau area. Around the
city of Salzburg there is intensive horticulture and vegetable
farming. The emphasis of agricultural production is on animal
husbandry, in the Alpine Foreland dairy farming is predominant, in the
mountainous areas with many pastures there is cattle breeding
(Pinzgauer Rind), horse breeding (Pinzgauer Horse and Noriker, an
ancient breed of horse) and sheep breeding. Salzburg is the biggest
producer of Emmental cheese in Austria. Large resources of wood
(39 % of the economically exploited area is forest) are very
important for the timber (183 sawmills), woodworking, paper and
cellulose industries (Hallein); sawn wood, wooden products and paper
are important export items.
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''Economy:'' After the Second World War Salzburg´s agriculture
underwent enormous structural changes, which went hand in hand with
massive job losses: Between1951 and 1991 38,325 persons (59 % of
the workforce) drifted away from agriculture and forestry. But
Salzburg actually never had a purely rural economic and social
structure; as well as agriculture, mining and transport with
horsedrawn carriages and packhorses over the Tauern passes have always
been a significant source of income.
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The production of mineral resources like silver, gold (Gastein Valley
and Rauris Valley), copper (Muehlbach am Hochkoenig), iron ore
(Tenneck) and salt (Hallein-Duerrnberg) stopped in the 20%%sup th/%
century. Today natural stone (marble in Adnet and Untersberg
Mountain, diabase in Saalfelden), cement marl (in Gartenau), gypsum
(in Kuchl), sand and gravel are mined. The tungsten mine on the Felber
Tauern Pass, which had been opened in 1977, was temporarily
discontinued in 1993. From the long term perspective, Salzburg´s
economy shows the strongest dynamism among all Austrian provinces. In
1998 it grew by 2.3 % in real terms and by 3.3 % in money
terms; the gross regional product rose in 1998 by about ATS
6 billion to about ATS 176 billion. The added value per
capita, which amounts to ATS 342,000, exceeds the general Austrian
rate of ATS 325,000 and is clearly above both the EU level and OECD
levels. With a taxation rate of ATS 78,400 per inhabitant Salzburg was
far above the Austrian rate of ATS 65,000 in 1998 and first among the
Austrian provinces (excluding Vienna). Since the 1960s the
engineering, iron, metal goods and electrical and electronic
industries have undergone a rapid development and account for nearly
19 % of the value of production and more than 58 % of the
value of exports; they employ more than 36 % of the workforce of
Salzburg´s industrial sector. Further important sectors are the
food, beverage and tobacco industry (beer, confectionery, bread, cakes
and pastries, spices) and the construction and stone and ceramics
industries. Although there are some very efficient enterprises in the
clothes manufacturing industry, the textile industry and the leather
goods industry, their number has decreased in recent years and the
formerly important production of Loden has completely disappeared. The
audiovisual industry, film-making and the production of electronic
sound and data storage media has become increasingly important; at the
same time production-related services, especially distribution
(wholesale trade, transport) and tourism, are expanding. The fact that
Salzburg is bordered by Germany proved to be an advantage for the
founding of new companies, at least until Austria's accession to the
EU. There is a divide between the north and some economically weaker
regions in the south (Werfen, Bischofshofen, Gastein Valley, Upper
Pinzgau Region). 72 % of the 15,260 newly created jobs between
1989 and 1998 were in the city of Salzburg, the Flachgau and the
Tennengau. The province of Salzburg has 721 industrial businesses and
more than 13,792 small and medium-sized enterprises. The foundation of
technological innovation centres has been of significant importance
for the economic development of the province, among them are the
Salzburg Technology Centres in the city of Salzburg (communications
technology and computer technology), in Bischofshofen (environmental
issues), in Mariapfarr (wood technology) and Zell am See (tourism and
sports technology). The most important electricity suppliers are the
Salzburger Gesellschaft fuer Elektrizitaetswirtschaft ( SAFE), the
Staedtische Elektrizitaetswerke and the Tauernkraftwerke AG (TKW),
which operate hydroelectric power plants in Salzburg and Tyrol.
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''Tourism:'' Tourism is an important economic factor, especially when
combined with cultural events: One in every three jobs directly or
indirectly depends on tourism. With 20,123,884 overnight stays (1997)
Salzburg is second in tourism statistics after Tyrol. The
municipalities of Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Salzburg, Zell am See and Bad
Hofgastein hold the leading positions with more than 1 million
overnight stays a year. In 1997 Saalbach-Hinterglemm was second with
1.8 million overnight stays after Vienna (7.2 million
overnight stays). Due to its favourable situation as regards transport
facilities and road networks, the festivals, the many winter or summer
sport resorts and places of extraordinary natural beauty ( Hohe Tauern
National Park, Krimml Waterfalls, Eisriesenwelt, Liechtensteinklamm
Gorge etc.) Salzburg offers a great variety of tourist attractions.
Bad Gastein and Bad Hofgastein, with their radioactive thermal springs
and the Gastein Heilstollen (therapy tunnel) are famous all over the
world; in addition, there are many other spas and health resorts. The
numerous lakes in Flachgau (Lake Wallersee, Lake Mattsee, Lake
Obertrum, Lake Grabensee, the small Egelseen lakes) are ideal for
summer holidays, Lake Fuschlsee and Lake Wolfgangsee in the
Salzkammergut District and the Tennengau for both summer and winter
holidays. Famous winter sport resorts and regions are in the Enns
Basin, at the foothills in the Radstaedter Tauern Mountains (Sportwelt
Amade) and in Obertauern. The Gastein Valley and Grossarl Valley are
ideal for winter sports, hiking and mountaineering. In the Pinzgau
Region around Lake Zeller See there is the "Europa-Sportregion
Zell am See/Kaprun" and the winter sports resort of Saalbach. In
addition, Salzburg offers great possibilities for paragliding, hang
gliding, kayak sports or rafting (rivers Salzach, Saalach, Lammer,
Enns and Mur).
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''Traffic and Transport:'' Salzburg is a mountainous province and has
an extensive road network, some roads even date back to Roman times (
Roman Roads). Due to its central traffic position in Europe, Salzburg
is an important transit area; it is located at the intersection of the
north-south axis and the west-east axis of international traffic
routes (Tauernautobahn A 10 and Westautobahn A 1). The
Tauern Railway and the Western Railway are the busiest railway lines
in Austria. The airport of Salzburg-Maxglan ranks second in air
traffic after Vienna International Airport.
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''Culture and the Arts:'' Salzburg has been a centre of European
culture and European art for many centuries, and is internationally
renowned in the field of music. The "Moench von Salzburg"
(Monk of Salzburg, 14%%sup th/% century), whose name is unknown,
was one of the most popular poets and composers of the Middle Ages.
One of the great achievements of organ-building is the
"Salzburger Stier", a mechanical barrel organ at
Hohensalzburg Castle, built in 1502. Famous artists like H. Finck
(1445-1527) and P. Hofhaimer (1459-1537) were attached to the court
of the archbishops; composers of the Baroque period were
H. I. F. Biber, G. Muffat, J. Eberlin, Leopold Mozart,
J. M. Haydn, who is also called "the Salzburg Haydn",
and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The musical tradition was revived with
the foundation of the Mozarteum and the Salzburg Festival,
outstanding personalities were B. Paumgartner and H. v.
Karajan, who founded the Salzburg Easter Festival.
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Great works of literature were already created in the 9%%sup th/%
century with the "Carmina Salisburgensia", the
Salzburg Annals and the "Conversio Bagoariorum et
Carantanorum" ("About the Conversion of Bavarians and
Carantanians"). During the Baroque period, the Salzburg
University Theatre enjoyed international fame. During the
Enlightenment, when Salzburg became the most important centre after
Vienna, publicists like L. Huebner and F. M. Vierthaler worked
in Salzburg. Literature reached new heights with G. Trakl, H. Bahr,
S. Zweig and K. H. Waggerl in the first half of the
20%%sup th/% century.
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The beginnings of a school and a scriptorium date back to the time of
the first Archbishop, Arno (785-821), the cathedral chapter and Saint
Peter´s Monastery maintained libraries and monastic schools.
Under Archbishop Friedrich II von Walchen (1270-1284) law studies
were introduced to Salzburg. The physician and alchemist T. B.
von Hohenheim, also called Paracelsus, was active in Salzburg in
1524/1525. Bishop B. Puerstinger von Chiemsee was one of the most
important theologians of the early 16%%sup th/% century and
exerted great influence with his reform writings, J. v. Staupitz,
who was the superior and mentor of M. Luther, worked from 1522 until
1524 as abbot of Saint Peter´s Monastery. Early plans for the
foundation of a university in the 15%%sup th/% and 16%%sup th/%
centuries failed, but a Gymnasium school endowed with the right
to grant degrees was established in 1617. In 1622/1623 a Benedictine
University was founded (Alma Mater Paridiana), whose Faculties of
Theology, Philosophy and Law were complemented by medical studies in
1804. Several internationally renowned scholars worked in Salzburg in
the late 18%%sup th/% century. The Salzburg museum Carolino
Augusteum was established in 1834, the Gesellschaft fuer Salzburger
Landeskunde (Society for Salzburg Area Studies) was founded in 1860.
Salzburg University was re-established in 1962, the Mozarteum became
an institution of higher learning in 1971 and in 1998 was given the
status of university. The International Research Centre for Basic
Questions of Science, the Institute for Molecular Biology of the
Austrian Academy of Sciences, the Salzburg University Weeks, the
Humanismusgespraeche (Humanist Symposium) of the ORF (Austrian
Broadcasting Corporation) and many other institutions show that
scholarly and intellectual activities continue to prosper in Salzburg.
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As regards the fine arts, masterpieces from Salzburg have been
dispersed all over the world (e.g. Roman mosaics from Loig in the
Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, gold vessels of the Archbishop
Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau in the Palazzo Pitti in Florence). Under
Bishop Virgil (746/747-784) the famous Tassilo Chalice of
Kremsmuenster and the Cutbercht Evangelistary were produced in
Salzburg. Bishop Virgil´s Cathedral, which was consecrated in
772, was even larger than the Frankish national shrine of Saint Denis,
the St. Rupert cross was probably brought to Salzburg by Virgil
himself. During the 9%%sup th/% century architects, painters and
stonemasons from Salzburg carried their art as far as the court of the
Slav Prince Přiwina at Mosapurc (Zalavár in western
Hungary). Outstanding works of book illumination were created until
the early 16%%sup th/% century (Pericopae of Custodian Pertholt,
11%%sup th/% century, Antiphonary of St. Peter´s,
splendid bibles and ornamental carved leather book covers by U.
Schreier).
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Outstanding examples of painting can be seen in the frescoes of the
Nonnberg collegiate church (around 1150), but the older mural
paintings of the collegiate church of Lambach (around 1080/1090), the
fragments in the abbey church of Frauenchiemsee (around 1130) and the
frescoes of Puergg in Styria are also attributed to artists from
Salzburg. In the late Middle Ages the painters K. Laib, R. Frueauf
the Elder and M. Pacher created panel paintings for large altars.
During the High Baroque period - following in the steps of the Italian
painters of Mannerism and Early Baroque - the Lederwasch family from
the Lungau and J. M. Rottmayr emerged as important figures. In
the Late Baroque and Rococo, P. Troger and J. Zanusi and M. J.
Schmidt ("Kremser Schmidt") created masterpieces for the
city of Salzburg. H. Makart became the most important painter of the
19%%sup th/% century, during the 20%%sup th/% century A.
Faistauer and O. Kokoschka, who founded the "Schule des
Sehens" (School of Seeing), continued Salzburg´s painting
tradition.
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Masterly sculptures include the Romanesque crucifixes in Nonnberg
convent and in the Salzburg museum Carolino Augusteum (also the
tympanum of St. Mary from the Romanesque cathedral); also
significant are: the Romanesque tympana of the main portal of the
Nonnberg collegiate church, of the south portal of the
Franziskanerkirche church, of the main portal of Saint Peter´s
collegiate church and the lion in the Siegmund-Haffner-Gasse lane.
Along with the "Schoene Madonnen" of the "weicher
Stil" in the early 15%%sup th/% century (Maria Saeul in
Saint Peter´s, Madonna in the Franciscan monastery), H.
Valkenauer was the most important sculptor towards the end of the
Middle Ages. Along with Italian artists, H. Waldburger became the
leading sculptor in Salzburg during the Early Baroque period; the
Residenzbrunnen fountain (1626-1661) was probably built by T. G.
Allio. During the period of the "Austrian Baroque" B.
Permoser and G. R. Donner created a number of masterpieces,
including the marble stairs in Mirabell Palace. In the 20%%sup th/%
century J. Adlhart the Younger made monumental works for Saint
Peter´s and the Festspielhaus; the gates of the cathedral,
fountains and statues were made by G. Manzù and T.
Schneider-Manzell.
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''History:'' There is no other province in Austria where history,
culture and the arts have been as much dominated by the capital city
as in Salzburg. Finds in the Schlenken corridor cave (near Hallein)
and on the Oberrainerkogel mountain (near Unken im Pinzgau) suggest
that there were settlements as early as the Old Stone Age
(Paleoolithic Age). In the Bronze Age and the Urnfield Culture copper
mining was carried out, especially in the area around Muehlbach am
Hochkoenig, around Bischofshofen and in the Glemm Valley in the
Pinzgau Region. Salt was extracted as early as the 6%%sup th/%
century B.C. and particularly during the era of the Celts from
around 450 B.C. until after the birth of Christ. on Duerrnberg
Mountain near Hallein, which surpasses the older Hallstatt Culture
both in the production of salt and in the number of finds. Salzburg
was situated in the territory of the Celtic kingdom of Noricum and was
occupied by Roman troops 15 B.C. without any resistance on the
part of the indigenous population except for the Ambisont people in
the Pinzgau region. Under Roman rule an extensive district belonged to
the municipium of Iuvavum, which was significantly larger than
today´s province of Salzburg and extended to the River Inn. The
estate of Loig on the outskirts of the city of Salzburg was among the
largest Roman estates ("villae rusticae") in the area of
contemporary Austria (Theseus Mosaic of Loig in the Kunsthistorisches
Museum in Vienna). The road over the Radstaedter Tauern Pass was one
of the most important Roman mountain roads in Europe. Because of the
increasing threat posed by the Alemanni, many inhabitants left their
Roman estates from the end of the 4%%sup th/% century onwards.
After St. Severinus had come to Cucullis (Kuchl) and had
prevented the breakdown of the Roman administration, King Odovakar
ordered the retreat of the Romans in 488 A.D. The majority of the
Celtic-Roman population stayed on and established a relatively
cohesive Roman settlement south of the city of Salzburg up to the Lueg
Pass.
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In the 6%%sup th/% century Salzburg was settled by the
Bavarians, and Slavs settled in some lateral valleys of the River
Salzach (Slavic place names like Lungoetz im Lammertal, Mandling) and
in the whole region of the Lungau (belonged to Carinthia until the
13%%sup th/% century). Bishop Rupert, who first came to Lake
Wallersee in 696/700, then to Iuvavum, was instructed by Duke Theodo
of Bavaria to develop and christianise Southern Bavaria (Noricum) and
in return received rich estates, such as large parts of the brine
springs of Reichenhall, which devolved upon his successors. The town
and the diocese, and later also the province ruled by the bishops,
were named Salzburg after the salt mined there. Rupert established the
monastery of St. Maximilian in the Pongau (Bischofshofen) as a
first base for the christianisation of the Slavs. His successor Virgil
organised the missionary work among the Slavs in Carantania
(Carinthia), which was completed with the help of Duke
Tassilo III in 772. In the 9%%sup th/% century the area
around Lake Balaton in Pannonia (Hungary) became a further target of
missionary activities, but it was lost again after defeat by the
Magyars near Bratislava in 907. The outposts in Lower Austria
(Arnsdorf and Loiben in der Wachau, Traismauer), in Styria (Leibnitz,
Deutschlandsberg, Pettau/Ptuj) and in Carinthia (Friesach, Althofen,
Maria Saal), which had become part of the Archdiocese of Salzburg due
to a generous donation by King Ludwig der Deutsche (Louis the German)
and his successors in 860, largely remained under archiepiscopal rule
until 1803/1810 as "foreign possessions".
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Archbishop Konrad I (1105-1147) tried to protect the scattered
estates belonging to the Erzstift (the land donated by kings, dukes,
etc., headed by the Archbishop, who was also vested with sovereign
rights over these areas, also called "Hochstift") of
Salzburg by improving and enlarging strong castles (Hohensalzburg,
Hohenwerfen, Friesach, Leibnitz, Pettau, etc.). However, only the vast
wooded region of the Pongau area, which the archbishops had cleared
and settled, showed signs of the development of cohesive rule. After
setbacks during the Investiture Controversy and the Alexandrine
Schism, when Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa had taken the
Erzstift temporarily under his administration, Archbishop
Eberhard II (1200-1246) and Emperor Friedrich II managed to
set up a cohesive territory. They subsequently acquired imperial
privileges in the Lungau area (1213), the counties in the Pinzgau
(1228) and Lebenau county (around Tittmoning): their successors added
the jurisdictions and estates of the Counts of Plain (1249/1260) and
Gastein Valley (1297). The area north and north-east of the city of
Salzburg, which is now called Flachgau, was added not until the end of
the 14%%sup th/% century. Although the Archbishops had been
imperial princes since the 12%%sup th/% century, the areas ruled
by them were still considered to be parts of the Duchy of Bavaria in
the early 14%%sup th/% century. It was only after Archbishop
Friedrich III of Salzburg and the Habsburg Friedrich the Fair
were defeated near Muehldorf in 1322, that Salzburg and Bavaria were
separated. In 1328 the Archbishop was pressurised by the aristocracy
into issuing a "Landesordnung", and in 1342 Archbishop
Heinrich for the first time spoke about "my land". The
provincial estates soon showed a strong tendency to have their own
rulers, but in the 15%%sup th/% century they could not prevail
over the archbishops: this ended in feuds and in internal decline,
which culminated in the "Hungarian War" (1479-1490).
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The early 16%%sup th/% century, under Archbishop Leonhard von
Keutschach (1495-1519) was marked by economic and political
consolidation. During the rule of his successor, Cardinal Matthaeus
Lang von Wellenburg (1519-1540), an uprising of miners and peasants
led by the mineowners of Gastein and Rauris was put down in 1525
before the walls of Hohensalzburg Castle. In 1526 there was another
revolt against the archiepiscopal rule led by M. Gaismair from Tyrol.
In the early 13%%sup th/% century Archbishop Eberhard II
made Hallein the leading centre of salt production in the Eastern
Alps, in the mid-16%%sup th/% century gold and silver mining
flourished in Gastein and in Rauris, and by 1566 Gastein was the
leading gold producer in Europe with an output of 803 kg of gold.
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The luxurious life led by the archbishops during the Baroque period,
such as Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, Marcus Sitticus and Paris Lodron,
coincided with a period of economic decline and was financed by
rigorous and exploitative taxation. Paris Lodron was able to keep up
Salzburg´s neutrality during the Thirty Year´s War. In the
late 17%%sup th/% century and in the 18%%sup th/% century
the influence of the Counter Reformation became stronger and stronger:
while the Protestant inhabitants of Defereggen Valley (in East Tyrol)
had to leave their homes as early as 1684, the great Protestant
emigration did not start until 1731/1732. More than 20,000 peasants
and farmhands, especially from the Pongau, the Pinzgau and the Lungau
regions, left the Erzstift, and most of them settled in Eastern
Prussia; the miners of Duerrnberg, who left for the Netherlands in
late autumn of 1732, were hit hardest. Under the last
Prince-Archbishop, Count Hieronymus Colloredo (b. 1772-1803,
d. 1812), Salzburg became the centre of Enlightenment in Southern
Germany. The strict financial policy of the Prince led to a reduction
in art and culture at the court. Colloredo fled to Vienna in December
1800 during the Napoleonic Wars, from here he ruled the Archdiocese
until 1812, whose status as ecclesiastical principality had come to an
end under the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss in 1803. A short period as
an Electorate (1803-1805), which was given to Grand Duke
Ferdinand III as compensation for his loss of Tuscany, was
followed by the first period of Austrian rule (1805-1809), Salzburg
then came under French administration (1809/1810) and subsequently
under Bavarian rule for six years (1810-1816); Salzburg finally became
a part of Austria after the Congress of Vienna.
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While the university had been abolished under Bavarian rule, thus
undermining academic activity, the first decades under the Habsburgs
brought about an economic and political low when Salzburg was
incorporated into the "Land Oesterreich ob der Enns"
(Austria above the River Enns) and lost both the
Prince-Archbishop´s court and the governmental authorities. The
Revolution of 1848 led to the establishment of an autonomous crownland
of Salzburg in 1850, which was completed with the convention of the
Landtag (provincial diet) in 1861. From then an economic upswing was
effected with the construction of the Western Railway and the Tauern
Railway, the establishment of the cellulose factory in Hallein,
intensive construction work in the provincial capital and increasing
tourism, which lasted until the First World War and afterwards
received new impetus with the Salzburg Festival and the economic
program of Landeshauptmann (provincial governor) Dr. F. Rehrl
(erection of the Kleines Festspielhaus, construction of the
Grossglockner Hochalpenstrasse, the Gaisbergstrasse road, the Fuscher
Baerenwerk and the planning of the Tauernkraftwerke). With the 1934
Concordat the rights to appoint the bishops
("Eigenbischoefe") in the dioceses of Gurk-Klagenfurt,
Seckau-Graz and Lavant-Marburg/Maribor, which once had made the
Archbishop of Salzburg a "near-pope", were lost, but up to
this day the Archbishop of Salzburg is considered a "born
legate" (legatus natus), wears the purple robe of a legate and
has the honorary title of "Primas Germaniae".
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National Socialism found many followers in Salzburg. During the Second
World War both the provincial capital and the industrial town of
Hallein suffered heavy bombing and 15,000 people died. In 1945
Salzburg (as the "Golden West" under American occupation)
hosted the "Laenderkonferenzen" (provincial conferences),
during which the western provinces declared their accession to the
Republic of Austria under the Renner administration. The continuing
success of the Salzburg Festival and the great increase in tourism,
the introduction of the Easter Festival and steady economic growth
resulted in above-average prosperity after the end of the Second World
War. When the Mozarteum was raised to the rank of an institution of
higher learning (later a university) and the university was
re-established (1962), intellectual and artistic life was also
intensified.
\\
Salzburg is governed by a ''provincial constitution'' according toe
the law of 1999 (LGBL.: provincial law gazette 25/1999). Legislation
is in the hands of Landtag (provincial diet), whose 36 members are
elected for 5 years. Currently (1999) Salzburg has 11 seats in the
Nationalrat (National Council) and 4 seats in the Bundesrat; the
Landeshauptmann (provincial governor) is a member of the OeVP. The
provincial government is made up of 4 representatives of the OeVP, 3
of the SPOe.
!Literature
Mttlg. der Gesellschaft fuer Salzburger Landeskunde,
1861ff.; C. Schneider, Geschichte der Musik in Salzburg von den
aeltesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart, 1935; Jahresberichte des
Salzburger Museums Carolino Augusteum, 1954ff.; N. Heger, Salzburg in
roemischer Zeit, Jahresschrift des Salzburger Museums Carolino
Augusteum no. 19, 1974; Austrian Academy of Sciences (ed.),
Theatergeschichte Oesterreichs, Salzburg, vol. 6, 1978; F.
Zaisberger and W. Schlegel, Burgen und Schloesser in Salzburg,
2 vols., 1978-1992; H. Dopsch and H. Spatzenegger (eds.),
Geschichte Salzburgs - Stadt und Land, 2 vols. in 8 parts,
1981-1991 (sources and literature); Salzburger Ortsnamenbuch, revised
by I. Reiffenstein and L. Ziller, 1982; E. Geiser (ed.),
Naturwissenschaftliche Forschung in Salzburg, 1987; A. Haslinger and
P. Mittermayr, Salzburger Kulturlexikon, 1987; H. Dopsch (ed.), Vom
Stadtrecht zur Buergerbeteiligung, Festschrift 700 Jahre Stadtrecht
von Salzburg, 1987; T. Hochradner, Bibliographie zur Volksmusik in
Salzburg, 1990; W. W. Vogl, 1200 Jahre Salzburger Sozialpolitik,
1992; S. Pacher, Die Schwaighofkolonisation im Alpenraum, 1993; W.
Fally (ed.), Salzburger Landesentwicklungsprogramm, Materialien zur
Entwicklungsplanung 11, ed. by the Amt der Salzburger
Landesregierung, Abteilung. Landesplanung und Raumordnung, 1994; H.
Wolfram, Salzburg, Bayern and Oesterreich, MIOeG supplementary
vol. 31, 1995; F. Zaisberger, Geschichte S., 1998.
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