!!!Salzburg Stadt
Salzburg (City of), province of Salzburg, district of Salzburg,
chartered town, alt. 424 m, pop. 143,978 (1981: pop. 139,426),
area 65.64 km%%sup 2/%, provincial capital of Salzburg province
and fourth-largest city of Austria, located where the Salzach Valley
widens to form the Salzburg Basin, at the northern fringe of the Alps;
the River Salzach flows right through the city, flanked by the
Kapuzinerberg (alt. 638 m), Moenchsberg (alt. 508 m) and
Gaisberg (alt. 1,287 m) hills. - Seat of the provincial
government and all provincial (schools authority, rural police
headquarters) and district authorities; provincial and district court
and prisons, district commission, provincial finance directorate,
public security directorate for Salzburg, builder´s yard of the
regional management for torrent and avalanche control, Labour Market
Service (Arbeitsmarktservice, AMS), revenue office, hallmarking
office, office of weights, measures and surveying, customs office with
branch offices and customs post, branch office of the Austrian Central
Bank, provincial studio of the ORF (Austrian Broadcasting
Corporation), local office of the Zentralanstalt fuer Meteorologie und
Geodynamik (Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics), Federal
Office for Civil Aviation, Bundesdenkmalamt (Federal Office for the
Protection of Monuments) and Federal Asylum Office, Federal Police
Directorate, branches of the Federal Environment Office and Federal
Centre for Food Testing, Federal Research Centre for Bacteriology and
Serology, Bautechnische Versuchs-und Forschungsanstalt (building
technology testing and research centre), Salzburg Military Command,
head office of Post und Telekom Austria AG, economic chamber, chamber
of labour, district chamber of agricultural and allied workers,
district chamber of agriculture and other chambers and representative
organisations of various professional groups, German Chamber of
Commerce in Austria, Berufsfoerderungsinstitut Oesterreich (BFI),
Berufsinformationszentrum (career information centre), provincial
hospitals, provincial psychiatric hospital, Arbeitsunfallkrankenhaus
(special hospital for occupational accidents), Diakonissenkrankenhaus
hospital, hospital of the Brothers of Mercy (Brothers Hospitallers),
special hospital for alcohol and drug addicts, day-care unit,
tuberculosis prevention and treatment centre, regional health
insurance agency with dental clinic, alcoholics counselling centre,
assistance and consultation service for AIDS victims, school
psychological educational guidance centre, youth counselling service
and other counselling and auxiliary services, Sozialpaedagogisches
Zentrum (training centre for social workers), vocational training
centre for the mentally handicapped (Pro mente infirmis), Office for
Women´s Issues of the province of Salzburg, Women's Office of
the City of Salzburg, women´s refuge, Caritas, Pro Juventute
Oesterreich, Haus der Jugend, international youth centre, several
local youth centres, youth and educational centre of the chamber of
labour, St. Virgil educational centre, SOS-Kinderdorf,
Oesterrreichische Kinderfreunde, Nonntal sports centre, Alpenstrasse
sports hall and Riedenburg sports hall, Lehen Stadium; Archdiocese of
Salzburg, numerous monasteries and convents, congregations and mission
houses, Protestant superintendency, Old Catholic Church, Baptist
Community, Methodists, Russian, Romanian and Serbian Orthodox
Communities, Islamic culture centre, Jewish Community, Buddhist
Community, Free Christian Community, Jehovah´s Witnesses, Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, consulates, French cultural
institute and other international cultural institutes and cultural
exchange institutions, "Mozarteum" - Universitaet fuer Musik
und darstellende Kunst (University of Music and Performing Arts),
University of Salzburg, University of Portland Center, University of
Redlands; various types of secondary schools: 2
Bundesoberrealgymnasium, 4 Bundesgymnasium and Bundesrealgymnasium,
Bundesgymnasium fuer Berufstaetige, Bundesrealgymnasium,
Wirtschaftkundliches Realgymnasium, Akademisches Gymnasium,
Abendgymnasium, private Gymnasium (Sisters of Mercy of
St. Charles of Borromeo, Ursuline Sisters, missionaries of the
Sacred Heart);American International Schools, Waldorf school, adult
education centre, 9 vocational schools, 2 commercial academies,
commercial academy for employed persons run by the Chamber of Labour,
federal advanced-level school of alpine dairy farming and commercial
professions, upper secondary school of engineering, Akademie fuer
Sozialarbeit fuer Berufstaetige der Arbeiterkammer (evening academy
for social work run by the chamber of Labour), Caritas School for
Social Services, School for Geriatric and Nursing Care,
Bundeshebammenlehranstalt (federal school for midwives), Allgemeine
Krankenpflegeschule (general school for nursing care), training
institute for kindergarten teachers (private), teacher training
college and federal training college for school teachers, academy for
the training of religious education teachers and institute run by the
Archdiocese, provincial institute for the auditively challenged;
provincial institute for folklore studies, European Academy of
Sciences and Arts, International Congress Academy, International
Summer Academy for the Fine Arts, Academia Scientiarum et Artium
Europaea and other international educational institutions, numerous
public and religious educational centres, Foerderstelle des Bundes
fuer Erwachsenenbildung (federal office for the promotion of adult
education), 4 Ludwig-Boltzmann Institutes, Salzburg Technology Centre,
International Research Centre for Basic Questions of Science,
Institute for Molecular Biology (Austrian Academy of Sciences),
Paracelsus Research Institute for Physiology and Biophysics, Institute
for Applied Psychology and Psychotherapy, Austrian Institute for Legal
Policy, Austrian Institute for Human Rights and other public and
private institutes, Mozarteum university library, local lending
library, municipal lending library, university library, International
Library for Questions of the Future, Diocesan Library and Seminary
Library; museum of the Haus der Natur (National Park Institute),
Salzburg Museum Carolino Augusteum (to which the toy museum, castle
museum and cathedral excavations museum belong) museum of folklore in
Monatsschloessl at Hellbrunn, cathedral museum, Residenzgalerie, art
collections of the province of Salzburg Rupertinum), Baroque museum,
Mozart museum, Mozart´s birthplace, Mozart´s residence and
Mozart archives, Kuenstlerhaus, Literaturhaus Eizenberghof, Rockhouse,
Nonntal Cultural Area (Kulturgelaende Nonntal), Lainerhof Local
Customs Centre, research and memorial centre for G. Trakl, C. Doppler
and M. Haydn; Archives of the Province of Salzburg, Archives of the
City of Salzburg, archives of the archiepiscopate; Hellbrunn Zoo;
numerous theatres: Provincial Theatre (Landestheater), Kleines
Theater, Elisabethbuehne, Salzburger Marionettentheater, Salzburger
Kinder- und Jugendtheater, Theater am Mirabellplatz ("TOI
Haus"); exhibition centre (trade fairs), "Das Kino"
(Salzburg film centre), Europahaus, a great variety of cultural and
musical events, especially the Salzburg University Weeks,
Festungskonzerte (concerts at the castle), Szene (international
theatre and dance festival), Easter Festival, "Salzburg Barock" (at
Whitsun), Mozart Weeks. Salzburg-Maxglan Airport (with customs office,
customs post, etc.), 5 heating companies of the Austrian District
Heating Association, power stations, district heating companies,
gasworks, hydroelectric power plants and the storage power stations
Strubklammkraftwerk (built in 1924, 15 MW, municipality of Faistenau)
and Wiestalkraftwerk (built 1913, 24 MW, municipality of Adnet) of the
Stadtwerke Salzburg, Salzburg central station, Salzburg-Gnigl,
Salzburg-Aigen, Lehen and Itzling railway stations; Festungsbahn
Hohensalzburg (funicular railway) run by the Stadtwerke, editorial
offices and/or branch offices of "Salzburger Nachrichten",
"Salzburger Volkszeitung" "Salzburger Woche",
"Salz" (Salzburg literary newspaper), "Salzburger
Landeszeitung", "Salzburger Stadtanzeiger",
"Salzburger Stadtblick", "Salzburger Fenster" and other
national dailies.
\\
''Economy:'' 89,326 inhabitants in gainful employment (1991), about
79 % in the services industry (personal, social and public
services, trade, tourism - 1,725,224 overnight stays in 1992); the
production sector is dominated by the food, beverage and tobacco
industries (breweries, spices, bread), iron and metal processing
industries (vehicles, ironware and metal goods, metal fittings),
electrical, textile and clothes manufacturing industries,
construction, timber and woodworking industries (in particular
furniture), gas and district heating companies.
\\
''History:'' The area around the city of Salzburg has been settled
since the New Stone Age (Kapuzinerberg hill, Buerglstein Mountain,
Rainberg Mountain, Siezenheim, Klessheim, Liefering, Rott and
Hellbrunnerberg Mountain). At the time of the Celts there were
settlements on the Kapuzinerberg, Buerglstein, Festungsberg and
Rainberg mountains, but when the Romans took over the rule in
15 B.C. these settlements were replaced by a town on the left
bank of the River Salzach: Ivavo (=Celtic, in Latin: Iuvavum) received
the right of municipality under Emperor Claudius around 45 A.D.
After the end of Roman rule, the earliest records of a Christian
community and a monastery date back to the late 5th century.
Parts of the Roman-Celtic population lived on the fortified Nonnberg
terrace until the Early Middle Ages. Bishop Rupert of Worms, who came
to Salzburg around 696/700, received the remains of the Roman town
from the Bavarian duke as a gift and founded Saint Peter´s
Monastery and a convent on Nonnberg Mountain, which is the oldest
nunnery north of the Alps today.
\\
First documented mention of the German name Salzburg around 755.
Salzburg became an episcopal see in 739 when the Bavarian dioceses
were established by St. Boniface and was raised to the rank of
Archdiocese and Metropolitan See of the Bavarian church province by
Pope Leo III in 798. The city developed into a centre of art and
culture under the Irish Bishop Virgil (746/747-784). The
Michaelskirche church which became Salzburg´s first parish
church in the 11%%sup th/% century and St. Mary´s
church (parish church since 1139, now Franziskanerkirche) were built
in the 8%%sup th/% century. Emperor Otto III granted the
city the right to hold markets (including market police and market
court), the right to levy tolls and the right of coinage in 996; with
the appointment of a "Stadtrichter" (municipal judge) and a
Buergerzeche (corporation of burghers) in the 12%%sup th/%
century (the oldest known Buergerzeche in the German-speaking
area), Salzburg became a town and is thus the oldest town in Austria.
\\
Archbishop Gebhard established Hohensalzburg Castle in 1077; parts
were later destroyed, but the castle was rebuilt by Archbishop
Konrad I (1105-1147). In the fight against Emperor
Friedrich I Barbarossa parts of Salzburg went up in flames during
the night of April 4,1167. The first city wall was erected in
1121 and in 1278 a second wall was built around the town centre and
the district on the right bank of the River Salzach, another circular
wall was built when the town was enlarged between 1465 and 1480. The
earliest city charter dates from 1287. During the 15%%sup th/%
century the bourgeoisie, which had become wealthy by trading,
commissioned numerous works of art.
\\
Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587-1612) started to transform
the narrow late Gothic town into a "German Rome". He wanted
to realise the "ideal town" according to the ideas of the
Venetian architect V. Scamozzi, with large squares around the
cathedral, and had 55 burghers´ houses pulled down. However,
Scamozzi´s high-flown plans came to nothing after fires and the
demolition of the Romanesque cathedral. Wolf Dietrich had the new
Residenz built with magnificent stucco ceilings and Sebastiansfriedhof
cemetery with St. Gabriel chapel (both by E. Castello) and
erected Altenau Palace for his lifetime companion Salome Alt. Under
his successors Marcus Sitticus (1612-1619) and Paris Lodron
(1619-1653) S. Solari from Verna became the masterbuilder of Salzburg
in the Early Baroque. He created the cathedral (consecrated in 1628),
the summer residence of Hellbrunn Palace with fountains, trick
fountains and a park, and he also built the fortifications during the
Thirty Years´ War. The Italian Baroque style, as represented by
G. Zucalli with the Kajetanerkirche church and the Erhardskirche
church in Nonntal valley, was followed in Salzburg by the Austrian
Baroque of the late 17%%sup th/% century under Archbishop
J. E. Graf Thun (1687-1709). J. B. Fischer von Erlach
designed "Mirabellgarten" (park of Mirabell Palace), the
Hofmarstall (stables) with the Pferdeschwemme (horse-pond) and
Felsenreitschule, the Dreifaltigkeitskirche (Trinity Church) with
seminary, the Universitaetskirche church (Kollegienkirche church) and
the Ursulinenkirche church, Johannesspital hospital and Klessheim
Palace. His great rival of the time was J. L. v. Hildebrandt, who
built the splendid Mirabell Palace (large parts destroyed by fire in
1818). In 1736 the circle of chateaux de plaisance around the city of
Salzburg was closed by the construction of Leopoldskron Palace; the
"Neutor" tunnel (1764-1767) connected the suburb of
Riedenburg and the old historic city centre.
\\
After the abbey had been secularised, Salzburg became the residence of
the Electorate of Salzburg ( Ferdinand III of Tuscany); in 1806
it was incorporated into Austria for the first time and thereby lost
its independence. The economy stagnated under Bavarian rule
(1810-1816) and the Benedictine University, founded in 1622, was
closed; when Salzburg was incorporated into the land "ob der
Enns" (above the River Enns) under the Habsburgs, it went through
a period of harsh recession. The superior authorities in Linz
(Oberlandesgericht, Federal Railways Directorate etc.) date back to
this time. It was only after the crownland of Salzburg was established
in 1850 and 1861, when the Western Railway was opened in 1860,
Salzburg became a chartered town in 1869, and, in particular, when the
prohibition to undertake construction work on the area of
fortifications was lifted and Emperor Franz Josef I donated the
fortifications to the city in1860, that it experienced a revival. Many
ramparts, trenches and town gates were demolished, the River Salzach
was regulated and the "Neustadt" (new part of town) on the
right bank of the River Salzach was designed around Mirabell Palace
(Franz-Josef-Strasse). Elisabeth-Vorstadt (Froschheim) Itzling and
Lehen were built as new districts in the late 19%%sup th/%
century. In 1935 and 1939 Maxglan and Gnigl were incorporated
into the municipality of Salzburg, later Aigen, Leopoldskron, Morzg
and Lieferung followed. During the Second World War more than
40 % of the buildings were destroyed or heavily damaged in the
course of 15 American air raids.
\\
Tourism, which had started in the 19%%sup th/% century, was given
fresh impetus with the founding of the Salzburg Festival (first
"Jedermann" performance held in 1920). The Mozarteum and the reopened
university can be regarded as the most prominent cultural and
academic facilities in Salzburg ;a model law on the preservation and
revitalisation of city centres (Altstadterhaltungsgesetz) and the
preservation of a green belt in the southern part of the city is also
a significant new development. As the urban economy is mainly
characterised by trade and services, there are hardly any factory
buildings.
\\
In 1997 the old part of the city of Salzburg was placed on the UNESCO
World Heritage List.
\\
''Religious buildings:'' Cathedral: Bishop Virgil´s Cathedral
(consecrated in 772) is believed to have been the coronation church of
the Bavarian Duke Tassilo III. Under Cardinal Konrad III one
of the largest Romanesque cathedrals (1181-1198) north of the Alps was
built, but was later destroyed by fire. Taking the church of Il
Gesù in Rome as a model, S. Solari built the still extant Early
Baroque cathedral from 1614 until 1628; the towers were erected
between 1652 and 1655, the dome, which was 72 m high, was
destroyed by a bomb in 1944 and replaced after the Second World War;
the Baroque interior was designed by D. Mascagni, I. Solari,
G. A. Dario and others; Romanesque baptismal font by Meister
Heinrich (1321), organ by C. Egedacher (1703), crypt with burial place
of the archbishops; the excavations of remains of the old cathedral
have been converted into a museum. Benedictine abbey and collegiate
church ( Saint Peter´s Monastery). Benedictine nunnery and
collegiate church at Nonnberg. Franziskanerkirche church earliest
building presumably dates back to the 8th century; parish church from
1139; destroyed by fire in 1167, reconstruction in late Romanesque
nave still visible, late Gothic hall-type chancel (built by H. v.
Burghausen and S. Krumenauer 1442-1460, commissioned by the burghers),
83 m-high tower (1498), high altar by J. B. Fischer von
Erlach (1708) with late Gothic Madonna from the former winged altar by
M. Pacher (1498); chancel surrounded by a circle of 9 chapels with
works by W. Feistenberger, F. Pereth, C. Lederwasch and J. M.
Rottmayr; Rococo choir grille by T. Reckeisen (1780); in the monastery
a "Schoene Madonna" of the "weicher Stil" (1420).
Kollegienkirche church (Universitaetskirche church), most beautiful
church building by J. B. Fischer von Erlach in Salzburg
(1696-1707), one of the major works of the European Baroque; the
façade is unique in the history of architecture; altarpieces by
J. M. Rottmayr, sculptures from the studios of J. A.
Pfaffinger and M. Guggenbichler. Dreifaltigkeitskirche church (Holy
Trinity Church), first Baroque church building by J. B. Fischer
von Erlach in Salzburg (1694-1702), dome fresco by J. M.
Rottmayr. Markuskirche church (formerly Ursuline church), built
between 1699 and 1705 based on plans by J. B. Fischer von Erlach,
the monastery buildings were completed in 1726. Johannesspitalkirche
church, founded by Archbishop J. E. Thun, built by J. B.
Fischer von Erlach between 1699 and 1704, altarpieces by J. M.
Rottmayr. Kajetanerkirche church, built by G. Zucalli between 1685 and
1700, dome fresco by P. Troger (1727/1728), altarpieces by Troger and
Rottmayr, organ by C. Egedacher (18%%sup th/% century), was
monastery church of the Theatines from 1700 until 1809. Erhardskirche
church (in Nonntal valley), built between1685 and 1689 by G. Zucalli
in place of the former Klosterspitalskirche church of Nonnberg
Mountain, high altar painting by J. M. Rottmayr. Michaelskirche
church (on Residenzplatz square), documented mention as palace chapel
in the 8%%sup th/% century, reconstruction in romanesque style
in 1167, Baroque alterations between 1767 and 1773. St. Blasius
Buergerspitalkirche church, built from 1327 until 1350, fitting of a
gallery in the western wing in 1428, Epiphany altar by P. Troger,
statues of St. John by J. A. Pfaffinger; the relief of
St Sebastian (replica, original in the museum Carolino Augusteum)
in the north by K. Asper (1614-1620) is from the Linzertor gate.
Muellner Kirche church, built in Gothic style between 1439 and 1453 in
place of an old chapel of St. Mary, high altar by V. Fischer with
altar painting by M. J. Schmidt, more altar paintings by
J. M. Rottmayr, stuccowork in early Rococo style (1735-1738) by
C. Fenninger. Morzger Kirche church, first documented mention in 1139,
western tower (1520), Baroque nave and aisles (1683) with late Gothic
winged altar (1480) and frescoes by A. Faistauer (1923). Other
suburban churches: parish church of Aigen (1689, extensions
1909-1911); Gnigl (1732-1738); Itzling (1903); Liefering (late Gothic
style, large hall with Romanesque core); Maxglan (around 1500,
extensions 1952-1956), Parsch (1955/1956).
\\
</>Cemeteries:'' St. Peter´s cemetery with arcades (1626)
and Holy Cross chapel (1170, redesigned in 1624), chapel of
St. Aegidius with frescoes (around 1420), chapel of
St. Margaret (1485-1491), entrance to Catacombs. Cemetery of
St. Sebastian with church (1749-1753), laid out between 1595 and
1600, shut down in 1888, chapel of St. Gabriel (1597-1603), tomb
of Paracelsus, remarkable monuments in the arcades.
\\
''Secular buildings:'' Residenz: Archbishop Wolf Dietrich began
construction in 1595 in the place where the old Bischofshof
(bishop´s court) of the 12%%sup th/% century had been
located, and the new building was completed under Paris Lodron in
1619. Between 1689 and 1714 the state-rooms were furnished with
ceiling frescoes by J. M. Rottmayr and M. Altomonte, supervised
by J. L. v. Hildebrandt, stuccowork by F. and C. A. Brennn.
In the north-west wing ("Toskanatrakt", 1792), Sala Terrena
and a gallery of maps modelled on the Vatican, both date back to the
time of Archbishop Wolf Dietrich, unearthed 1990-1995; Residenz
gallery with works of European painting from the 16%%sup th/% to
the 20%%sup th/% century. Neugebaeude ("new
building"), built between 1588 and 1603, commissioned by
Archbishop Wolf Dietrich, with heavy, colourful stuccowork by E.
Castello (Staendesaal, Gloriensaal, Feldherrensaal), the tower was
made higher in 1702 and fitted with the Glockenspiel (which was
originally made for the town of Breda) in 1696. Town Hall, former
burghers´ house, has been used as town hall since 1407,
reconstructed in 1618, Rococo façade in 1775. Hofmarstall
(stables), built in 1607, façade by J. B. Fischer von
Erlach (1693), redesigned as Altes Festspielhaus by C. Holzmeister
1926 and 1937, and as Kleines Festspielhaus in 1963, contains the
Winter Riding School with "Tuerkenstechen" ceiling fresco by
J. M. Rottmayr and C. Lederwasch (1690), above it is the Summer
Riding School ( Felsenreitschule). Chiemseehof, built after 1300 as
bishopric of the Prince-Archbishops of Chiemsee, reconstructions
around 1600 and 1782, now seat of the Salzburg Provincial Government.
Grosses Festspielhaus, built by C. Holzmeister between 1956 and 1960,
frieze in the lobby by R. Hoflehner and ceiling frescoes by C. Unger.
Provincial Theatre (1892/1893); Mozarteum (1910-1914); Kolleg
St. Josef (1961-1964); Bildungshaus St. Virgil (1965 and
1968-76 after plans by W. Holtbauer); federal police headquarters
(1985); Faculty of Natural Sciences (1986); central office of
provincial tax office (1987); SAFE central offices (1996); Porschehof
(Provincial Government, 1998); some departments of the University of
Salzburg are now located in the "Toskanatrakt" of the Residenz and in
chapter houses in the old city.
\\
''Palaces:'' Mirabell Palace, Arenberg Palace (1814); Leopoldskron
Palace (from 1736 onwards), Hellbrunn Palace (with zoo), Klessheim
Palace (in the municipality of Wals-Siezenheim).
\\
Neutor (also called Sigmundstor), a 131 m-long tunnel through the
Moenchsberg Mountain built between 1764 and 1767 under Archbishop
Sigismund Graf Schrattenbach connecting the old historic city centre
and the suburb of Riedenburg, portals designed by W. and J. B.
Hagenauer (1767).
\\
''Fountains and monuments:'' Residenzbrunnen fountain (1656-1661),
largest Baroque fountain in Central Europe, attributed to T. G.
Allio; Kapitelschwemme (horse-pond, 1732), with Neptune group based on
plans by G. R. Donner; Baroque Hofmarstallschwemme (horse-pond)
based on plans by J. B. Fischer von Erlach (1693/1694), with
statues of horse-tamers by B. M. Mandl (1695), reconstructed by
F. A. Danreiter in 1732; Madonna on the Cathedral square
(1766-1771) by W. and J. B. Hagenauer; Mozart monument by L.
Schwanthaler (1842); monuments to Paracelsus, Copernicus, Friedrich
von Schiller, Empress Elisabeth, Turnvater Jahn, K. Wurmb and others.
!Literature
Salzburg-Stadt, Taetigkeitsbericht und Statistisches
Jahrbuch, ed. by Magistrat der Stadt Salzburg, 1971ff.; 1200 Jahre Dom
zu Salzburg, 1974; H. Dopsch and H. Spatzenegger (eds.), Geschichte
Salzburgs, Stadt und Land, 2 vols. in 8 parts, 1981-1991;
F. V. Zillner, Geschichte der Stadt Salzburg, ed. by H. Dopsch,
2 vols., 1985 (%%sup 1/%1885-1890); P. Peternell,
Salzburg-Chronik, %%sup 4/%1986 (revised by H. Dopsch and R.
Hoffmann); B. Euler et al. (eds.), with contributions by R.
Acker-Sutter et al., Salzburg Stadt und Land
(= Dehio-Handbuch), 1986; H. Dopsch, Vom Stadtrecht zur
Buergerbeteiligung, Festschrift 700 Jahre Stadtrecht von Salzburg,
1987; F. Martin, Kunst in Salzburg, 1987; Stadtgemeinde Salzburg, Amt
fuer Statistik (ed.), Salzburg in Zahlen, Beitraege zur
Stadtforschung, 1989ff.; idem, Bevoelkerung der Stadt Salzburg nach
wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Merkmalen, 1989; E. Marx (ed.), Stadt im
Umbruch, Salzburg 1980-1990, 1990; E. Marx and T. Weidenholzer,
Chronik der Stadt Salzburg 1970-1979, 1993; E. Marx (ed.), Bomben auf
Salzburg, %%sup 3/%1995; H. Dopsch and R. Hoffmann, Geschichte der
Stadt Salzburg, 1996; E. Marx (ed.), Befreit und besetzt. Stadt
Salzburg 1945-55, 1996.
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