!!!Soziologie

Sociology: In the 19%%sup th/%  century L. von Stein, Baron K. 
von  Vogelsang and A. Schaeffle adhered to the theory of the German 
school of Romantic Organicism. This theory, which applied phenomena 
encountered in organic nature to society, was used around 1900 by the 
founders of social studies in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy to explain 
conflicts between classes, estates and nations. In so doing, they 
were, however, influenced by Positivism, Social Darwinism and Marxism 
(Ethno-sociology: L. Gumplowicz, G.  Ratzenhofer, R.  Thurnwald; 
Sociology of knowledge: W.  Jerusalem, K. Mannheim, G. von 
Lukács; Sociology of law: E.  Ehrlich, G. Jellinek; Moral 
statistics: T.  Masaryk, E. von  Philippovich, F. Savorgnan, O.  
Neurath). R. Goldscheid, C. Gruenberg, K.  Renner, L. Brentano, W. 
Jerusalem and others founded a "Sociological Society in 
Vienna" in 1907. The further development of this discipline was 
rather slow due to political circumstances. The flourishing of the 
concept of sociology in the First Republic was initiated by 
neighbouring disciplines such as economics and philosophy or occurred 
on a non-academic level (Austro-Marxism: M.  Adler, O.  Bauer, R.  
Hilferding, K. Renner; psychoanalysis: A.  Adler, J. L.  Moreno; 
liberalism: G. von Wieser, J. A.  Schumpeter, K.  Popper; 
organicism and left-wing catholicism: A.  Guenther, O.  Spann, A.  
Orel, E. K.  Winter, A. M.  Knoll). Austrian sociology 
really came into its own after 1939 thanks to the work of Austrian 
emigres abroad. More than 100 Austrians in exile became holders of 
chairs in social sciences in their host countries, e.g. H.  Kelsen, K. 
Polanyi, P.  Lazarsfeld, S. E. Voegelin, A.  Schuetz, M.  Jahoda, 
H. Zeisel, F. A. von  Hayek and W. Stark. In Austria the 
first Chair of Social Sciences was not established until 1950. Today 
all universities in Austria have Chairs of Social Sciences, and there 
are also non-academic research institutions and an "Austrian 
Society for Sociology", which publishes its own magazine.

!Literature
M. R. Lepsius (ed.), Soziologie in Deutschland und 
Oesterreich 1918-45, 1981; J. Langer (ed.), Geschichte der 
oesterreichischen Soziologie, 1988.


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