!!!Sprachinseln

Speech enclave: A much larger number of speech enclaves have been 
established in neighbouring countries by Austria than by any other 
German-speaking country. This was due to its south-eastern position, 
the manorial system, political and religious questions, the 
people´s pioneering attitude as well as economic interests 
(mining and clearing of arable land). The oldest Austrian speech 
enclaves, dating from around 1100, are the so-called Cimbrian Enclaves 
of the seven and thirteen towns and villages in the provinces of 
Vicenza and Verona (Italy), the settlement of Lusern in Trentino 
(South Tyrol, Italy) that has derived from them is considerably 
younger. The Carnian Enclaves, Pladen (Sappada, province of Belluno, 
Italy), Zahre (Sauris) and Tischelwang (Timau, both province of Udine, 
Italy) and the Fersental valley in Trentino date from the 13%%sup th/% 
 century. In Slovenia Zarz (Sorica) and Rut formed part of the older 
group, while Gotschee (Kočevje) belonged to that of the 
13%%sup th/%  century. The Czech enclaves, whose inhabitants were 
resettled in 1945, Bruenn (Brno), Wischau (Vyškov), Iglau 
(Jihlava) and Budweis (Ceske Budějovice) have a long history. In 
Hungary, along with the mining settlement of Deutschpilsen 
(Nagyloerzseny) in western Hungary, founded around 1200, are later 
settlements near Budapest. In the 18%%sup th/%  century the  Landler 
people were sent to what is Romania today because of their Protestant 
creed. The Hutterites, as a Baptist community, had to leave their 
homes in Pustertal/Val Pusteria (Italy) and Upper Carinthia 400 years 
ago, but still maintain their language (old Austrian German) in their 
new home in the USA. Speech enclaves are valuable historical testimony 
of language and culture and serve as models for research on phenomena 
such as contacts between languages and their mutual influences.

!Literature
Beitraege zur Sprachinselforschung, ed. by M. Hornung, 
1981ff.


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