!!!Vorarlberg
Vorarlberg: area 2,601.40 km%%sup 2/%; pop. 331,472 population
density: 127; capital: Bregenz; homes: 77,373; households: 112,786; 4
political districts, 6 court districts, 96 municipalities (including 5
towns and 8 market towns), Oberlandesgericht (Appeal Court of the
Provinces Tirol and Vorarlberg) in Innsbruck, Provincial Court in
Feldkirch.
\\
Geographic Location: Vorarlberg is the westernmost and, in terms of
both area and population, the second smallest province of Austria.
Bordered to the east by Tirol (Arlberg Pass, Verwallgruppe Mountains),
to the south by Switzerland (ridges of the Silvretta and Raetikon
Mountains), to the west by Switzerland (Rhine River) and to the north
by Bavaria (Bregenzerwald Mountain Region).
\\
Geographic Features: Although Vorarlberg is a small province in terms
of area, its landscape shows many different facets: over a linear
distance of around 80 km, the land rises from Vorarlberg's lowest
point, Lake Constance (alt. 396 m), to its highest point,
Piz Buin Peak (Silvretta Mountains, alt. 3,312 m). It
comprises the regions of the Rhine Valley Rhein, River), the Ill
Valley with the Walgau Valley and the Montafon Valley, the region of
the Arlberg Pass with the Klostertal Valley, the Bregenzerwald
Mountain Region, the Kleinwalsertal Valley and the Grosses Walsertal
Valley. Vorarlberg is in a way separated from the rest of Austria
through the high mountain ranges throughout Vorarlberg and is open to
the west toward Lake Constance, the capital Bregenz is near to the
Austrian border to Switzerland and Germany.
\\
Climate: The Arlberg Pass is a climatic divide and a watershed. Due to
westerly winds from Lake Constance in the northwest the climate is
mainly Atlantic, causing heavy precipitation in the northwest region
(three times more than in inner-Alpine basins); the highest annual
precipitation is recorded at Boedele in the Bregenzerwald Mountain
Region (2,366 mm as compared with 1,493 mm at Dornbirn). The
Atlantic west-winds guarantee large amounts of snow in winter and,
partly due to Lake Constance, moderate differences in temperature:
winters are mild, summers are rather cool. The warmest regions are the
Rhine Valley and the Lake Constance region. The Lechtal Valley and the
Montafon Valley are two of the sunniest regions of Austria in winter,
the densely populated Rhine Valley is often covered with thick fog
(frequent inversion). Another characteristic of the Vorarlberg
climate is the Foehn, a warm wind blowing mainly through the Walgau
and the Rhine Valleys.
\\
Population: Vorarlberg is the only Austrian province where the
population speaks Alemannic vernacular. Due to industrialisation many
foreign workers, mainly from Italy, came to Vorarlberg at the end of
the 19%%sup th/% century, while in the 20%%sup th/%
century many foreign workers came from Alto Adige (South Tirol),
the Sudeten and Turkey. The region from the Rhine Valley and the Ill
River Valley to Bludenz is the main region of settlement, with about
two thirds of the Vorarlberg population living in the Rhine Valley.
The most densely populated political district is Bregenz
(pop. 115,500; 34.8%). Population growth between 1981 and 1991
was 8.6%, the second sharpest in Austria after Salzburg. In the last
decade, excess of births over deaths (6.9%) was the highest in all
provinces (21,000 more births than deaths). Vorarlberg has the largest
proportion of children: 20.5% are under the age of 15, while 17.4% of
the Bregenz population are children, which is the average for Austrian
towns.
\\
82% of the population are Roman Catholic, which is more than the
average of Austrian provinces (78%), 7,900 people in Vorarlberg (2.4%)
are Protestants, (7,126 follow the Augsburg Confession and 802 the
Helvetic Confession). The second largest religious community is the
Islamic community (6.6%; mainly Turks), between 1981 and 1991 the
Moslem community increased from 14,000 to 22,000; in the political
district of Dornbirn 9.9% of the population are Moslems. 13.3% of the
Vorarlberg population are not Austrians, the highest rate of
non-Austrians in the whole of Austria (average 6.6%): 46.2% are of
Turkish descent (20,300 persons), 32.7 % are from former
Yugoslavia (14,400 persons), 10.1 % are Germans (4,500 persons).
\\
The Arlberg Pass (the watershed between the Danube and the Rhine) also
forms a border with regard to the vernacular and folk culture, which
is similar to that of eastern Switzerland and the region of Lake
Constance. The custom of Fasnacht (similar to Shrove Tuesday), the
Funkenfeuer (custom of burning a huge pile of wood) on the first
Sunday of Lent and the customs practised at the time when the cattle
are led up to the alpine pastures at the beginning of summer and led
down at the beginning of autumn) are typical of Vorarlberg. The Einhof
farm is the dominant farmhouse type in Vorarlberg ( Farmhouse Types,
Bregenzerwaelderhaus), except in the Walsertal Valleys, where the
house and the stable are separated on account of the steep terrain and
form Paarhof farmsteads.
\\
Economy: Vorarlberg is an alpine region, only about 20 % of the
land is valley area. Due to a shortage of natural resources,
Vorarlberg has neither workable raw material deposits nor favourable
conditions for agriculture, industry developed very early, at the
beginning of the 19%%sup th/% century and Vorarlberg is the
second most industrialised province in Austria, as well as the most
export-oriented one (export quota of industrial production about
70 %). The Vorarlberg industry still focuses on the textile
industry (centred on Dornbirn), and accounts for 35 % of
Austria's total textile capacity. The textile industry developed at
the beginning of the 19%%sup th/% century and had its origins in
the traditional production of linen. It benefited not only from the
excellent taste of the Vorarlberg population but also from the
utilization of the abundant water power. In the 19%%sup th/%
century the cotton industry developed with spinning mills and
weaving mills as well as finishing works (F. M. Haemmerle,
J. M. Fussenegger, C. G. Getzner etc.) and the
embroidery industry. Around 1900 the first knitting factories were
established, machine knitting was introduced and lace and wool
factories were opened, followed after 1945 by clothing and hosiery
factories (Huber, Benedikt Maeser, Wolff, Baeumler, Kunert, Wolford).
Of the 28,000 (1994) people who work in industry (of which 8,700
foreign workers), 37 % are employed in the textile and clothing
industry.
\\
The metal industry (furniture fittings, cable-operated excavators and
cranes, cableways and ski-lifts, aluminium sections, bent pipes,
boilers, plate distributors, hammer drills, pistons and piston rings
etc.), electrical industry (lamps, TV retransmitters and TV
broadcasting systems etc.), food industry (chocolate, fruit juices,
cheese, special pastries, instant meals, etc.) and wood processing
industry (skis, building components made from wood, etc.) are mainly
situated in Bregenz- Nenzing, Hoechst, Rankweil, Dornbirn, Schwarzach,
Wolfurt and Kennelbach, the paper processing industry is situated in
Frastanz, brickworks in Goetzis, limeworks and a quarry in Goetzis and
Hohenems, cement works in Loruens. In Dornbirn an industrial fair
mainly oriented on the regional market takes place annually and every
third year there is the Intertech Bodensee international fair.
\\
Electricity for the province of Vorarlberg is almost exclusively
generated through hydroelectric power. The centre of power production
is the Ill Valley, the most important electricity producer of
Vorarlberg is the Illwerke AG, Vorarlberger (VIW), which was
established in 1924 and produces about three fourths of Vorarlberg's
total electricity output.
\\
Agriculture: The importance of agriculture and forestry is
insignificant compared to other provinces and with regards to
Vorarlberg's topographic and climatic conditions. 3,660 of the 6,552
agricultural enterprises and forestries (1990) were situated in
handicapped zones (zones 1-4), almost 50 % (3,179) can be found
in the district of Bregenz. Vorarlberg ranks second after Vienna in
having the lowest rate of employed persons in agriculture and forestry
(1993: 1.9 %). In 1990 just 0.95 % of Vorarlberg was arable
land (mainly in the Rheintal Valley and Walgau Valley). The large
proportion of meadows (15.5 %), alpine pastures and high-lying
meadows (33,6 %) favours highly developed alpine animal
husbandry: more than 50 % of the cattle, about 35,800, are on the
600 alpine pastures during the summer. Vorarlberg has the second
lowest number of cattle of all Austrian provinces, but the Montafoner
Rind (breed of cattle in the Montafon Valley) produces an annual
average of 4,680 kg milk per cow and thus has the best yield of
all breeds. 3,200 dairy farmers produce 83,000 t milk per year,
i.e. 3.8 % of the Austrian total. More than 60 % is made
into Emmentaler cheese, Bergkaese cheese and Voralberger Camembert
cheese in about 30 cheeseries. Vorarlberg is traditionally known for
its hard cheeses, "Vorarlberger Bergkaese" being a renowned
quality cheese. 4.58 million kg Emmentaler cheese and Bergkaese
cheese were produced in 1988.
\\
Tourism: Due to excellent winter sports facilities Vorarlberg has
become a number one tourist destination in the last decades
(8.8 million overnight stays in 1992). In the 1980s overnight
stays in summer declined, but the small difference between overnight
stays in winter (1991/92: 4.5 million) and in summer (1992:
4.3 million) revealed the growing tendency of guests to come to
Vorarlberg for their summer holidays in the 1990s. In 1992,
90.3 % were guests from foreign countries (66.6 % Germans).
In 1992 the places with the most overnight stays were Mittelberg in
the Kleinwalsertal Valley (1.85 million overnight stays, number 4
in Austria), Lech am Arlberg (1.01 million),
Sankt Gallenkirch (0.5 million), Schruns (0.46 million)
and Gaschurn (0.42 million) in the Montafon Valley. The Arlberg,
Brandner Tal Valley, Bregenzerwald Mountain Regions, the Grosses
Walsertal Valley and Kleinwalsertal Valley, Klostertal Valley,
Laternser Tal Valley and Montafon Valley are traditional regions for
winter sports, with internationally renowned skiing areas such as
Lech, Zuers and Silvretta Nova. In summer the Rhine Valley and the
Lake Constance region with its Bregenz Festival are also favourite
tourist destinations.
\\
Traffic: As regards traffic, Vorarlberg is favourably situated in the
central Alpine region and is connected with the European traffic
network: Bregenz is situated on the E 60 (Chagny- Salzburg) and
the E 43 (Milan- Munich) European highways and on the
international railway lines Vienna- Basle and Munich- Geneva. 24 road
border points connect Vorarlberg with neighbouring countries, while
there are only one railway and three road crossing points connecting
the province with Tirol (to the Lech Valley, the Paznaun Valley and
the Stanzer Valley). The main road from Vorarlberg to Tirol is the
Arlberg-Schnellstrasse (S 16) with the Arlberg Tunnel
(13,972 m). On the Arlberg Pass road, the Flexenstrasse branches
off the Arlberg road at Stuben into the Lechtal Valley. The busiest
road in Vorarlberg is the Rheintal autobahn A 14 between Bludenz
and Hoerbranz. From Schroecken in the upper Bregenzerwald Mountain
Region the Hochtannberg Road leads to the Lechtal Valley. The
Silvretta Alpine Road connects the upper Montafon Valley with the
Paznaun Valley. The Kleinwalsertal Valley, since 1891 a member of the
Deutscher Zollverband (German Customs Association), can only be
reached via passes from Vorarlberg, while there is a direct road from
Germany to the Kleinwalsertal Valley.
\\
The railway network has a length of 122 km, the main railway line
goes along the Rheintal autobahn and the Arlberg-Schnellstrasse.
Regional trains run between Bregenz, Feldkirch and Bludenz. From
Feldkirch via Liechtenstein a line branches off to Buchs
(Switzerland), another one goes from Lauterach to
Sankt Margrethen (Switzerland). A 12.9 km long
standard-gauge railway from Bludenz to Schruns is privately run by the
Montafonerbahn AG. Lake Constance, as well as Lake Untersee and Lake
Seerhein, are extensively used for commercial shipping traffic.
\\
Culture and the Arts: From Roman times and the Middle Ages onward
Vorarlberg's culture and arts have strongly been influenced by western
(France, Switzerland, south west Germany) and southern Europe (Italy);
while Bregenz and the Bregenzerwald Mountain Region have had close
links with Swabia and Bavaria. In order to control access from the
south to the Lake Constance region (Bregenz, Feldkirch, Altems and
Neuburg), many castles with bulwarks were built in the Rheintal
Valley; the castles in the Walgau Valley (mostly without keep) were
mainly for residential use and were the seat of the administration of
justice.
\\
The development of church architecture was influenced by the fact that
Vorarlberg was long subordinated to Chur and Konstanz as far as
ecclesiastical administration was concerned, it was influenced by the
Swabian church style (the oldest building is the chancel tower of the
church of Sankt Peter in Rankweil) and by Tirol. Vorarlberg has
never been an episcopal centre, which is why there have never been any
big monasteries. Church architecture was mainly influenced by the
architectural style and culture of towns.
\\
The most important monuments from Romanesque times are the Romanesque
processional cross in Bartholomaeberg with champleve decoration
(12%%sup th/% century) and the bas-relief "miracle-working
cross" in Rankweil (around 1230). In Gothic sculpture, which was
initially influenced by foreign styles, a rustic style developed in
the middle of the 15%%sup th/% century, showing obvious traces
of Swabian art. The first documented Vorarlberg artist was U. Gneser
(1491-1499 in Bregenz). The most important late Gothic work is the
"Erbaermde-Gruppe" (pietà) in Tosters (probably by a
Swabian master). Gothic winged altars can be found in Frommengersch
(1481 and 1516), Roens (1508), Brederis, Satteins (1508) and Bludesch.
Gothic wall paintings still exist in Bludesch, in the St. Martin's
Chapel in Bregenz (1362), in the parish church of Levis, in
Viktorsberg (after 1383) and in the former chapel of Schattenburg
Castle (16%%sup th/% century). A leading representative of
stained glass art was T. Neidhart in Feldkirch (d. in 1597). The
most significant Gothic church in Vorarlberg is the parish church in
Feldkirch (1478) The fame of the painter W. Huber, an important
representative of the Danube School spread far beyond Vorarlberg.
\\
Renaissance art influenced the architecture of the Hohenemser Hof
Castle, while at roughly the same time local rustic style
characteristics developed in the Baroque period. The most important
sculptor of this time was E. Kern, who ran a big workshop in Feldkirch
in the 17%%sup th/% century. Although Vorarlberg does not have a
single significant Baroque building, the Vorarlberg School influenced
the region of Lake Constance very strongly and developed its own
stylistic elements (the Beer, Moosbrugger, Thumb and Specht
families).
\\
Angelika Kauffmann was a representative of early classicist painting;
classicist tendencies are found in the churches in Haselstauden (1792)
and Oberdorf (1828), the church of Sankt Martin in Dornbirn
(1830) and the parish churches in Satteins und Lustenau (by A.
Negrelli, the civil engineer who drafted the plans for the Suez
Canal). In the middle of the 19%%sup th/% century the influence
of Vienna began to be dominant.
\\
Early Vorarlberg poets were, in the 13%%sup th/% century, the
writer of courtly epics, Rudolf von Ems and, more than one hundred
years later, Hugo von Montfort. Humanist scholars included H.
Muenzer, G. Joachim ( Rheticus), J. Mennel and U. Fabri, the ideas of
the Reformation were promoted by the scholars J. Doelsch (1485-1523)
and the brothers B. and J. Bernhardi. One of the most important
Austrian poets of the Baroque was the Vorarlberg poet Laurentius von
Schnifis. A. Friz (1711-1790) was a master of the Jesuit drama, who
originated in the Klostertal Valley; the folklorist F. J. Vonbun
was born at Laz (near Nueziders), the narrative writer F. M.
Felder came from the Bregenzerwald Mountain Region, the teacher and
narrative writer J. Wichner originated in Bludenz, while R. Byr and
A. Ebenhoch came from Bregenz. Important representatives of modern
literature are F. M. Willam, P. Ludwig, A. Welte, R. Beitl, the
poet and dramatist E. Andergassen, N. Beer and dialect poet A. Diem,
while contemporary literature is represented by M. Riccabona, M.
Koehlmeier, M. Helfer, U. Laengle, R. Schneider, and others.
\\
After 1945 the provincial government of Vorarlberg established the
provincial theatre ("Theater fuer Vorarlberg") as a touring
theatre, which has since been transformed into a private enterprise
and receives subsidies from the provincial government. Since 1946 the
Bregenz Festival has been held every year; it is one of the two most
important events of this kind in Austria, the other being the Salzburg
Festival. The Vorarlberger Landesmuseum was established in Bregenz in
1857, while the Vorarlberger Naturschau in Dornbirn was founded in
1925, followed by the open-air museum "Freilichtmuseum Roemische
Villa" in Rankweil (1954) and the Jewish Museum in Hohenems
(1991).
\\
History: Vorarlberg's history has mostly been determined by its
geographic location west of the main European watershed, the Arlberg
Pass, and of the pass roads leading to Italy. Evidence from the Old
Stone Age can be found in caves in the Rhine Valley, i.e. the caves
Wildkirchli, Drachenloch and Wildenmannlisloch and in the caves
Moenchshoehle and Rinderhoehle ob Ebnit. A settlement of the Middle
Stone Age was in the Krinne near Koblach, settlements of the New Stone
Age mainly in the region of the Inselberge Mountains, i.e. the
Kummenberg Mountain, the Liebfrauenberg Mountain and the Schellenberg
Mountain. Settlements of the Early Bronze Age show the influence of
the Straubing culture with its copper mining in Tirol and Salzburg.
\\
From around 400 B.C. onward the Celts immigrated into Vorarlberg.
In 15 B.C. the land was conquered by the Romans and it was
incorporated into the province of Retia. During the more than 400
year long Roman rule the population was romanised ( Rhaeto-romans) and
Brigantium was established as a Municipium. At the end of the
5%%sup th/% century Alemanni settled in the Unterland (lower
land); in the Oberland (upper land) south of Dornbirn (Vorderland,
Walgau Valley, Montafon Valley) the Romanised population was still
dominant over centuries and was slowly introduced to the Alemannic
culture (11%%sup th/% to 17%%sup th/% century). At the
beginning of the 7%%sup th/% century Kolumban and Gallus
christianised the region around Lake Constance. Around 1310 the
immigration of the Walser people began, who settled one fourth of the
land.
\\
After the overthrow of the Alemanni by the Carolingians in 746, the
fortress Bregenz fell to the Udalrichinger counts and became the
centre of a domain. After the division of the House of the
Udalrichinger into the lines of Buchhorn and Bregenz (1043), the
latter reigned over almost the entire region of today's Vorarlberg and
in 1097 founded the Benedictine Monastery of Mehrerau. Around 1160
Hugo von Tuebingen, son-in-law of the last Count of Bregenz, took over
the rule of the land, his sons transferred their residence to
Feldkirch and his younger son Hugo changed his name to Count of
Montfort around 1206. The coat of arms of the Tuebingen-Montfort
dynasty became Vorarlberg's provincial coat of arms. The Montforts
established settlements and developed roads throughout the land (road
across the Arlberg Pass). In 1309-1314 the Habsburgs acquired
Gutenberg Castle, the entrance to Vorarlberg from the south, and
gradually bought up Vorarlberg: in 1363 the territory of Neuburg am
Rhein, in 1379 the county of Feldkirch, the core territory of
Vorarlberg, in 1394 Bludenz and the Montafon Valley, in 1397 Jagdberg,
in 1451 the southern half of the county of Bregenz and in 1474
Sonnenberg, in 1523 the other half of Bregenz, in 1765 Hohenems-Ebnit,
in 1804 Blumenegg and Sankt Gerold and in 1814 Lustenau. The
Habsburgs were represented by a Vogt (steward) in each territory.
\\
During the Appenzell War the "Bund ob dem See" (association
above the lake) was founded under the leadership of the town
Feldkirch. In 1647 the Vorarlberg people defended their land against
the Swedes, in 1704, in 1744 and between 1799 and 1809 they had to
defend it against the French. In 1809 Vorarlberg fought with Tirol in
Tirol's Fight for Freedom against the Bavarians and French. Until 1752
Vorarlberg's administration was subject to the gubernium of Innsbruck,
until 1782 to Freiburg im Breisgau ( Vorderoesterreich (Austrian
Forelands)), which was directly subordinated to Vienna, later it was
again administered by Innsbruck. Between 1805 and 1814 Vorarlberg and
Tirol were under Bavarian rule.
\\
By the 14%%sup th/% century a kind of democracy of provincial
Estates had developed out of the co-operation of free peasantry and
the burghers to the exclusion of the clergy and the aristocracy. By
the 16%%sup th/% century, the Vorarlberg Estates had been firmly
established, which encouraged the growth of a Vorarlberg identity. The
Vorarlberg Landtag (provincial diet) was established in 1861, and 6
district courts and 3 district commissions were set up between 1850
and 1868. In 1918 Vorarlberg separated its administration from Tirol
and became a province in its own right, with its own provincial
government. On March 14, 1919 a provisional provincial
assembly decided on Vorarlberg's constitution, which was adopted on
September 17, 1923 and is still valid today (amended in 1984). In
1919/20 a strong movement wanted to join Switzerland. In World
War II Vorarlberg was united with Tirol, between 1945 and 1955
Vorarlberg formed part of the French occupation zone.
\\
Vorarlberg is the only Austrian province calling itself a
"Staat" (state); its Landeshauptmann-Stellvertreter (vice
provincial governor) has the title "Statthalter". The
provisions of the provincial constitution include the holding of
Referendums and Popular Initiatives. Vorarlberg is also the only
province where voting is obligatory in elections to the provincial
diet and in plebiscites. Elections of the 36 members of the Landtag
take place every 5 years and are based on proportional representation.
Vorarlberg has 6 seats in the Nationalrat (National Council) and 3
seats in the Bundesrat (Provincial Council). The provincial government
(1995: 6 OeVP (Austrian People's Party) and 1 FPOe (Austrian Freedom
Party)) is the only government in Austria which is elected by majority
vote.
\\
Until 1816, the uppermost part of the Lech valley and the Ill region
north of the Breitach brook belonged to the diocese of Augsburg, the
Oberland region to the diocese of Chur, the Unterland region to the
diocese of Constance. Until 1921 Vorarlberg was a general vicariate
subordinate to the diocese of Brixen/Bressanone, later it became part
of the Apostolic Administration of Innsbruck-Feldkirch. Between 1964
and 1968 it was part of the diocese of Innsbruck (general vicariate in
Feldkirch with 7 deaneries). Since 1968 it has formed the diocese of
Feldkirch.
!Literature
F. J. Weizenegger, Vorarlberg, 3 vols., 1839;
Jahresberichte (annual reports) (since 1928 Jahrbuch (yearbook)) des
Landesmuseumsvereins, 1858ff.; L. Rapp et al.,
Topographisch-historische Beschreibung des Generalvikariates
Vorarlberg, 8 vols., 1894-1917; Archiv fuer Geschichte und
Landeskunde Vorarlberg, 1904-1926; Forschungen zur Geschichte
Vorarlbergs, 19 vols., 1920-1993; Heimat, 1920/34; A. Helbok,
Geschichte Vorarlbergs, 1925; Alemannia, 1926-1937; Montfort,
Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte, Heimat- und Volkskunde Vorarlbergs,
1946ff. (= since 1966 Vierteljahresschrift fuer Geschichte und
Gegenwart Vorarlbergs); L. Jutz, Vorarlberger Woerterbuch mit
Einschluss des Fuerstentums Liechtenstein, 2 vols., 1955-1965; K.
Ilg, Landes- und Volkskunde, Geschichte, Wirtschaft und Kunst
Vorarlbergs, 4 vols., 1961-1967; N. Lieb and F. Dieth, Die
Vorarlberger Baende, 1961-1967; B. Bilgeri, Geschichte Vorarlbergs,
5 vols., 1971-1987; Oesterreichisches Staedtebuch, ed. by
Austrian Academy of Science, vol. 3, 1973; J. W. Deininger,
Das Bauernhaus in Tirol und Vorarlberg (reprint of the1902 issue),
1979; A. L. Simons, Geomorphologische und glazialgeologische
Untersuchungen in Vorarlberg, 1985.; Schriften des Vorarlberger
Landesmuseums, Reihe A: Landschaftsgeschichte, Archaeologie, Reihe B:
Kunstgeschichte, Denkmalpflege, Reihe C: Volkskunde, 1985ff.; V. Ein
Kulturprofil, ed. by Amt der Vorarlberger Landesregierung, 1987; V.,
Sonderreihe "Die oesterreichischen Bundeslaender",
no. 5, ed. by CA, 1988; K. H. Burmeister, Geschichte
Vorarlbergs, %%sup 3/%1989; G. Wanner, Vbg. Ind.-Geschichte, 1990;
Vorarlberg - Unser Land, ed. by the office of the provincial
government of Vorarlberg, %%sup 3/%1992; provincial archives of
Vorarlberg (ed.), 75 Jahre selbstaendiges Land Vorarlberg, 1993; O.
Benvenutti, Altes Handwerk in Vorarlberg, 1993; Vorarlberger
Wirtschaftschronik-Chronik, ed. by GFW-Verlag, 1993; Oe.
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