!!!Wiener Kreis

Vienna Circle (Vienna School, Wiener Kreis), group of neo-positivist 
philosophers including M.  Schlick, F.  Waismann, R.  Carnap, O.  
Neurath, V.  Kraft, K.  Menger, K.  Goedel, H.  Hahn, E.  Zilsel in 
Vienna 1922-1938, at times closely related to L.  Wittgenstein. The 
Vienna Circle came forward with the programmatic writing "The 
Scientific World View. The Vienna Circle" ("Wissenschaftliche 
Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis"), published in 1929 (ed. by 
Hahn, Neurath und Carnap). The goal of the philosophy of the Vienna 
Circle was - following the research of E.  Mach - the union of 
empiricism and logic whilst rejecting metaphysics. The effort to 
translate all scientific statements into a comprehensive formal 
language (e.g. into the language of mathematics or physics) in order 
to depict the objects of philosophy (the theorems, concepts and 
theories of science) was fundamental to the Vienna Circle; very soon 
the Vienna Circle was internationally recognised, but its work was 
interrupted by Austro-Fascism and National Socialism. The renowned 
representatives of the Vienna Circle emigrated to Anglo-Saxon 
countries, where they continued to disseminate their ideas and 
considerably influenced the development of the philosophy of science 
even after 1945. The magazine "Erkenntnis" (from 1937 "Journal of 
Unified Science") and the series of publications "Schriften zur 
wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung" and 
"Einheitswissenschaft" were the organs of the Vienna Circle; the 
"International Encyclopedia of Unified Science" was published in 
exile. In 1991, an Institute "Vienna Circle" was founded in Vienna, 
focusing on the documentation, research and the further development of 
the philosophy of the Vienna Circle.

!Literature
V. Kraft, Der Wiener Kreis, 1950; E. Federn, Aus dem Kreis 
um S. Freud, 1992; R. Haller, Neopositivismus, 1993; F. Stadler, Der 
Wiener Kreis im Kontext, 1995; M. Geier, Der Wiener Kreis, 
%%sup 2/%1995.


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