!!!Zivildienst

Civil Alternative Service, alternative to military service, for all 
persons liable for military service ( Federal Armed Forces) but who 
refuse to use force of arms against other people, introduced in 1975; 
since 1992 the applicants´ motivation (refusal on grounds of 
conscience) has not been subject to review by the Civil Alternative 
Service Commission. Civil alternative service consists in rendering 
services for the general public (in hospitals, rescue service, social 
aid, etc.) over a period of 12 months (since 1997). Civil Alternative 
Service was introduced in response to demands by youth associations 
and the  Peace Movement as an alternative for conscientious objectors 
invoking their fundamental right of the freedom of conscience. In 1998 
the number of persons applying civil alternative military service 
amounted to some 9,185 (about 22.9 % of all persons liable for 
military service).

!Literature
P. Fessler et al., Zivildienstrecht, 1989.


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