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[{VerifyArticle user='hmaurer' template='Standard' date='10. November 2016' page-date='2016' comment='Verifiziert nach Brockhaus, 21. Auflage,  2006' funder='103' }]

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| This image of a xenon ion engine, photographed through a port of the vacuum chamber where it was being tested at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, shows the faint blue glow of charged atoms being emitted from the engine. The ion propulsion engine is the first non-chemical propulsion to be used as the primary means of propelling a spacecraft. The first flight in NASA's New Millennium Program, Deep Space 1 is designed to validate 12 new technologies for scientific space missions of the next century. Ion propulsion was first proposed in the 1950s and NASA performed experiments on this highly efficient propulsion system in the 1960s, but it was not used aboard an American spacecraft until the 1990s. Deep Space 1 was launched in October 1998 as part of NASA's New Millennium Program, which is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA. The almost imperceptible thrust from the ion propulsion system is equivalent to the pressure exerted by a sheet of paper held in the palm of your hand. The ion engine is very slow to pick up speed, but over the long haul it can deliver 10 times as much thrust per pound of fuel as more traditional rockets. Unlike the fireworks of most chemical rockets using solid or liquid fuels, the ion drive emits only an eerie blue glow as ionized (electrically charged) atoms of xenon are pushed out of the engine. Xenon is the same gas found in photo flash tubes and many lighthouse bulbs.| Great Images in NASA Description| NASA| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/publicdomain.png' alt='Public domain' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/public-domain-10.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:Ion Engine Test Firing - GPN-2000-000482.jpg
| An explanatory drawing of the NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application)thermodynamic nuclear rocket engine. The main objective of project Rover/NERVA was to develop a flight rated engine with 75,000 pounds of thrust. The Rover portion of the program began in 1955 when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and the Air Force initially wanted the engine for missile applications. However, in 1958, the newly created NASA inherited the Air Force responsibilities, with an engine slated for use in advanced, long-term space missions. The NERVA portion did not originate until 1960 and the industrial team of Aerojet General Corporation and Westinghouse Electric had the responsibility to develop it. In 1960, NASA and the AEC created the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office to manage project Rover/NERVA. In the following decade, it oversaw a series of reactor tests: KIWI-A, KIWI-B, Phoebus, Pewee, and the Nuclear Furnace, all conducted by Los Alamos to prove concepts and test advanced ideas. Aerojet and Westinghouse tested their own series: NRX-A2 (NERVA Reactor Experiment), A3, EST (Engine System Test), A5, A6, and XE-Prime (Experimental Engine). All were tested at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station at the AEC's Nevada Test Site, in Jackass Flats, Nevada, about 100 miles west of Las Vegas. In the late 1960's and early 1970's, the Nixon Administration cut NASA and NERVA funding dramatically. The cutbacks were made in response to a lack of public interest in human spaceflight, the end of the space race after the Apollo Moon landing, and the growing use of low-cost unmanned, robotic space probes. Eventually NERVA lost its funding, and the project ended in 1973.| http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2002-000144.html| NASA| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/publicdomain.png' alt='Public domain' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/public-domain-10.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:Nerva - nuclear rocket engine.jpg
| Viewed from the top of the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft roars off the launch pad aboard an Atlas V rocket spewing flames and smoke. Liftoff was on time at 2 p.m. EST from Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. This was the third launch attempt in as many days after scrubs due to weather concerns. The compact, 1,050-pound piano-sized probe will get a boost from a kick-stage solid propellant motor for its journey to Pluto. New Horizons will be the fastest spacecraft ever launched, reaching lunar orbit distance in just nine hours and passing Jupiter 13 months later. The New Horizons science payload, developed under direction of Southwest Research Institute, includes imaging infrared and ultraviolet spectrometers, a multi-color camera, a long-range telescopic camera, two particle spectrometers, a space-dust detector and a radio science experiment. The dust counter was designed and built by students at the University of Colorado, Boulder. The launch at this time allows New Horizons to fly past Jupiter in early 2007 and use the planet’s gravity as a slingshot toward Pluto. The Jupiter flyby trims the trip to Pluto by as many as five years and provides opportunities to test the spacecraft’s instruments and flyby capabilities on the Jupiter system. New Horizons could reach the Pluto system as early as mid-2015, conducting a five-month-long study possible only from the close-up vantage of a spacecraft.| https://images.nasa.gov/details/KSC-06pd0094 http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=27767 on the Wayback Machine in der Wayback Machine http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/images/large/06pd0094.jpg  toter Link| Kim Shiflett| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/publicdomain.png' alt='Public domain' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/public-domain-10.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:New Horizons Liftoff.jpg
| Schema eines nuklearen Raketentriebwerks| selbst erstellt nach vorlage von Image:Nuclear_thermal_rocket_en.png| CommiM| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/by-sa.png' alt='CC BY-SA 3.0' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/by-sa-30.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:Nukleartriebwerk schema.svg
| 3D printed cross section of a cold gas thruster chamber and nozzle. This nozzle is designed with the following parameters: Expansion Ratio = 5.4 Chamber Pressure = 100 psi Operational Altitude = 15 km| 17 PSAS Cold Gas Thruster Cross Section| Mach 30| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/by.png' alt='CC BY 2.0' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/by-20.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:PSAS Cold Gas Thruster Cross Section (22766893915) (cropped).jpg
| Rotes QS-icon mit stilisierter Uhr (="Abwartend")| Eigenes Werk, basierend auf: QS icon orange abwartend.svg| AleXXw , Zesel| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/publicdomain.png' alt='Public domain' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/public-domain-10.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:QSicon rot Uhr.svg
| RD-171 russisches Raketentriebwerk (Zenit, Energija)| Eigenes Werk| Edoe| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/by.png' alt='CC BY 3.0' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/by-30.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:RD171 ILA2006.jpg
| RS-68 Rocket Engine for Delta IV| http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/projects.htm http://www.pr.afrl.af.mil/images/RS68.jpg| U.S. Air Force| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/publicdomain.png' alt='Public domain' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/public-domain-10.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:RS-68 Rocket Engine.jpg
| Diagramm zur Darstellung des Geschwindigkeitsverhältnisses ve/vg (blaue Linie) und des energetischen Wirkungsgrades (grüne Kurve) eines Raketenantriebes als Funktion des Massenverhältnisses, in logarithmischer Dartstellung. Der Punkt höchster Effizienz ist hervorgehoben| Eigenes Werk| Raumfahrtingenieur| [{Image src='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/images/slim/cc-zero.png' alt='CC0' align='center' link='https://www.austria-forum.org/cc/cc0-10.html' target='_blank'}]| Datei:Rocket propulsion efficiency.png
| Das Geheimnis des Feuerwagens: Der Raketenkasten, rechts kniend Fritz von Opel, 12. März 1928| Mit Raketenkraft ins Weltraum, Otto Willi Gail, Seite 56 - Tafel 7| Fotograf: Paul Wolff (1887—1951), Frankfurt a.M.| | Datei:Opel-RAK1-04-1928-Raketensaetze.jpg
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