Seite - 42 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

42 and functional groups, including the development of measurable and robust indica- tors that can be monitored over time. Other questions then emerge, how can wider landscapes be productive, diverse and climate resilient? How far are climate and other stressors likely to modify the beneficial functioning of the human biome in terms of physical health outcomes? What habitat types and elements of biodiversity in green and blue spaces in urban areas help promote physical health through the normal functioning of the human biome at different stages of the life course? How can these types and elements be considered within the planning process and within health and social care systems? Making progress on these questions is not easy. However, given the finite nature of the planetary boundary and the mounting pres- sures from a wide range of human drivers they remain some of the most important and urgent for researchers and practitioners alike. References Arbuthnott KG, Hajat S (2017) The health effects of hotter summers and heat-waves in the popula- tion of the United Kingdom: a review of the evidence. Environ Health 16(Suppl 1):119 Barton H, Grant M (2006) A health map for the local human habitat. J  R Soc Promot Health 126(6):252–253 BBC (2018) England Moor fires. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cq5p6wx822pt/england- moor-fires. Accessed 6 July 2018 Benedict M A, McMahon E T (2002) Green infrastructure: smart conservation for the 21st century. [Online] Available at: wwwsactreeorg/assets/files/greenprint/toolkit/b/greenInfrastructurepdf. Accessed 16 June 2014 Bonebrake TC, Brown CJ, Bell JD, Blanchard JL, Chauvenet A, Champion C, Chen IC, Clark TD, Colwell RK, Danielsen F (2018) Managing consequences of climate-driven species redistribu- tion requires integration of ecology, conservation and social science. Biol Rev 93:284–305 Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali L, Knight TM, Pullin AS (2010) Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landsc Urban Plan 97(3):147–155 Burkart K, Breitner S, Schneider A, Khan MMH, Krämer A, Endlicher W (2014) An analysis of heat effects in different subpopulations of Bangladesh. Int J  Biometeorol 58(2):227–237 Buxton RT, McKenna MF, Mennitt D, Fristrup K, Crooks K, Angeloni L, Wittemyer G (2017) Noise pollution is pervasive in U.S. protected areas. Science 356(6337):531–533. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.aah4783c Caini S, Schellevis F, El-Guerche Séblain C, Paget J  (2018) Important changes in the timing of influenza epidemics in the WHO European region over the past 20 years: virological surveil- lance 1996 to 2016. Eur Secur 23(1):17-00302  Calvin K, Bond-Lamberty B (2018) Integrated human-earth system modeling–state of the science and future directions. Environ Res Lett 13(6):063006 Cameron RW, Blanusa T (2016) Green infrastructure and ecosystem services  – is the devil in the detail? Ann Bot 118:377–339 Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ (2015) Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Microb Ecol Health Dis 26(26191). https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26191 Carporn SJM, Emmett BA (2009) Threats from air pollution and climate change to upland sys- tems: past, present and future. In: Bonn A, Allott T, Hubacek K, Stewart J  (eds) Drivers of environmental change in uplands. Routledge, Oxon, pp  34–58 Cavan G (2010) Climate change projections for Greater Manchester. Manchester: EcoCities proj- ect, University of Manchester. Available at: http://media.adaptingmanchester.co.uk.ccc.cdn. faelix.net/sites/default/files/Climate_change_projections_GM_final.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2018 Challinor AJ et  al (2018) Transmission of climate risks across sectors and borders. Phil Trans R Soc A 376:20170301 S. J. Lindley et al.