Seite - 201 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

201 biodiversity on mental health were non-significant. About half of the results (49%) showed non-significant relationships between biodiversity and mental well-being. These findings suggest that the results are equally ambiguous for both mental health and mental well-being. Ecosystems/Habitats Sixteen studies investigated the impact of biodiversity at the ecosystem/habitat level on mental health and well-being (Table  9.5). All 4 of the studies that assessed the influence of ecosystem/habitat biodiversity on mental health were non-significant (Annerstedt van den Bosch et  al. 2015; Annerstedt et  al. 2012; Duarte-Tagles et  al. 2015; Rantakokko et  al. 2018). Results were mixed for the 12 studies that investigated the impact of biodiversity at the ecosystem/habitat level on mental well-being. Positive relationships were found for Shannon Diversity Index of land cover and land use, and mental well- being; more biodiverse ecosystems/habitats were positively associated with greater quality of life (Rantakokko et  al. 2018) and good health (Wheeler et  al. 2015), and negatively associated with poor health (Wheeler et  al. 2015). Non-significant results for Shannon Diversity Index of habitat types were found (Dallimer et  al. 2012). Greater vegetation cover and density of vegetation cover were associated with greater life satisfaction (Luck et  al. 2011). Number of habitat types was associated with greater reflection and distinct identity (Fuller et  al. 2007). Tree cover was posi- tively associated with greater reflection, continuity with the past and attachment in Dallimer et  al. (2012), but was non-significant in Fuller et  al. (2007). A significant non-linear trend of forest biotope on positive affect was also found; intermediate biotope was rated the most positive followed by the high biotope and the low bio- tope (Johansson et  al. 2014). Carrus et  al. (2015) found biodiversity of different Table 9.5 (continued) Outcome variable Biodiversity levels Mental health Mental well-being Single species Jones (2017) (+)d Ash trees Jones (2017) (+)d Ash trees Note. Papers may be included more than once, if variation in individual results. Biodiversity levels are based on Botzat et  al. (2016). Biodiversity variables with a slash (‘/’) are a combined variable where investigator did not separate out the contribution of each taxon; two taxa are analysed together. Each –, o or + symbol represents the direction of each individual result reported in the paper. –  =  significant negative relationship; o  =  non-significant relationship; +  =  significant posi- tive relationship aStudy from Lovell et  al. (2014) bMediation analysis cEffect was greatest in the medium biotope, followed by the high and then the low  biotopes dInverse relationship 9 Review of  the  Mental Health and  Well-being Benefits of  Biodiversity