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333 Ecosystem Services and  Human Health  – Awareness and  Attitudes Survey The aim of this survey was to gain a clearer view of where and how human health perspectives are addressed by people working in the field of ecosystem services research, policy and practice (what we call the ‘ecosystem services community’). We hoped to gauge the degree of awareness and interest in the topic, and to better understand the needs of those who aim to address links between ecosystems and human health within their fields of work. We also wanted to gain information on the main opportunities and barriers/needs and challenges. In Box 15.1, we present some highlights from the results. In light of nature-health collaboration initiatives, these findings suggest that the vast majority of the ecosystem services community would welcome collaboration with health experts, to inform politicians and through those collaborations maximize ecosystem benefits. When asked about factors that act as barriers to interdisciplinary research on ecosystems and health, in particular collaboration barriers such as disciplinary dif- ferences and lack of mutual understanding were mentioned. Further, lack of aware- ness about ecosystem–health linkages, lack of scientific understanding of ecosystem–health linkages and lack of resources stand out. When asked about fac- tors that act as opportunities for interdisciplinary research on ecosystems and health in their own area of work, a wide range of examples was mentioned, of which spe- cifically ecosystem-relevant topics, concepts or practices as a sub-group stand out. Topical examples are the influence of urban green infrastructure on health, climate change mitigation and linking ecosystem services with food security; conceptual examples are ecological public health and valuation. 2016 European ESP Conference Session: Health as  an  Integrating Concept in  Ecosystem Services and  Nature-based Solutions The main activity in 2016 concerned the organization of a session at the European ESP-conference. The session was very well attended and included both a diversity of presentations, mainly from on-going research projects, and group discussion. We highlight some issues from the group discussion. Box 15.1: Some Respondent Highlights of the Ecosystem Services and Human Health  – Awareness and Attitudes Survey • 83% disagreed with the statement “human health is not relevant to my current work on ecosystem services” (including 36% strongly disagreeing). • Over 50% indicated that “information about ecosystem–human health links is difficult to find”, whereas human health seems to be relevant to most respondents. • 96% agreed that “policy and practice on ecosystem services should account for human health aspects”. • 97% agreed that “the ecosystem services community should seek to develop/strengthen links to the health community”. 15 European Nature and  Health Network Initiatives