Seite - (000179) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

Someof theprojectsprovided relevant actors anopportunity to learnaboutnew technologies and approaches, whereas otherswere geared towards providing sup- port to the locallynurtured initiativesonclimatechangemitigation.Of the14pro- jectswhereindirectGHGemissionreductionswerereported,9projectswerepartof the ongoing process within the country for addressing barriers related to the targetedmarket/technology. Infive instances theGEFsupportedproject supported thefirst applicationof the promoted technology in the country. Project design and delineationofprojectboundarywereassessedtobeamajor factoronwhetherGHG are counted as direct or indirect result of the project. Table 9.3 Types of Errors encountered in GHGCalculations among projects covered by the evaluation GHGmethodology concern Typeof error Examples Installed capacity Over or under estimation ChinaRESP (GEF#943): some- times28MWsmall hydro, some- times24MWsmall hydro Capacity factor (power that canbegenerated fromaMW of installed capacity) Over or under estimation ChinaRE: assumeaverage capac- ity factor of solar PVsystemsof 35–14%wouldbemore realistic Over or under estimation ChinaREDP (GEF#446) and RESP(GEF#943):assumeaverage of2,500hof full loadoperationsof wind systems–29% ismore realistic Over or under estimation Full loadhourswithin the same project for small hydropower varies from2,000 to8,100full load hours Operatinghours Calculation errors MexicoAgriculture (GEF#643): pumpswouldhavetobeonaverage over 70kWif they are under oper- ation3,000h/a Systemsize Digits MexicoAgriculture (GEF#643): Typical irrigationpumps are <10kW Emission factors:CO2emis- sion reducedper unit of fuel/ electricity Usingmarginal or Marginal: can, e.g., be coalwith 1,000g/kWhor gasCHPAverage emission factors with350g/kWhvs. averagecanbe anywhere lower or higher Usingoutdated emission factors Emission factor of India andChina reduced from2003 to2012.The changewasnot factored in Benefit period Inconsistentwithmeth- odologyor comparison between technologies IndiaEnergyEfficiency (GEF #404): 20years for all promoted technologies Source:ClimateChangeMitigation ImpactEvaluation,GEF IEO 9 MethodologicalApproachof theGEF IEO’sClimateChangeMitigation. . . 163