Seite - (000206) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

irrigationandwater resources.Theenergysectorhasalsobeenanareaof study for political ecology and political economy, including the use ofwood fuel, thewind turbine industry andU.S. energy policy; however, otherRE systems haven’t been analysed. The existence and type of local governance structures, the level of poverty, and population displacement due to civil wars are among the consider- ations important to the ‘surrounding causes, experiences, and management of environmental problems’ (Blaikie andBrookfield 1987) thatwill contribute to the debate around mainstreaming development with climate change mitigation and adaptation. Key ways that political ecology influences research design are through the attention tomaterial carbon reductions, climate impacts, renewable energy in the structures ofmarkets andpolicies and their and responses to changes. Common Property Resources (CPR) were analyzed as an institution under political ecology, since all the development projects evaluated were community owned. I also used the Pressure and Release (PAR) model for the analysis of renewable energy systemsmeeting climate change adaptationgoals. Research on CPR has covered topics surrounding natural resources and their uses, including aquaculture, trade, forestry, neoliberalism, ecotourism and coastal livelihoods.Energyuse, includingrenewableenergy,hasalsobeenstudied through aCPRapproach,mainly focusingon the optimal use offinite sources. Ostromdesignedprinciples to determine the failure or success ofCPR.Aspart of the research design, I analysed whether the ‘design principles for common property resources’ identified byOstrom (2002) also apply to community-owned renewable energy systems (Table 11.1). CPR appears as amajor set of institutions for managing resources. However, agency (actions of individuals) does influence CPR’s when the CPR rules are changed by the people/community. Political ecology has had very few studies of renewable energy in relation to climate governance, local communities and the actions of individuals (agency). Figure 11.1 shows the relationship betweenCPR andPE. BasedonPoliticalEcologyandCPR, Iwouldexpect that thesuccessofprojects wouldbe explainedby: 1. Political and economic structures that secure property rights; access to resources; equitable benefits; communal ownership and local management of the renewable energy system; taking into account the role and impact of local institutionsand the influenceofgovernmentandforeignand internationaldonor agencies. 2. The agency of individuals in a community and projectmanagerswho seek the success of a project andwork towards it. 3. Constraints and opportunities afforded by the physical environment, historical background, and cultural and religious diversity. 4. RelationshipwithOstrom’s rules for successfulCPRmanagement, anddefined rules, sanctions and incentives. The evaluation for potential for adaptive capacity and adaptation to climate hazards was carried out using the Pressure AndRelease (PAR)model. The PAR 190 D.Ley