Seite - (000209) - in Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

General criteria includedprojects: 1. Small-scale (less than5MW) 2. Renewable energy (solar photovoltaic,wind energy, runof the river hydroelec- tric, biogas) 3. Located in a rural community Following are the criteria for development project selection: 1. Productive-use (income-creatingor enhancing) application 2. Implemented for at least 2 years and stillworking 3. Community owned The criteria for climate changemitigationproject selection follow: 1. ACleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM),aVoluntaryCarbonOffset (VCO)or anEarlyWarningSystem(EWS)project DisasterRelief projectswere chosen following these criteria: 1. Developed as part of a relief or reconstructionprogram. Andadaptation related criteria? I added two projects because their governance structures provided useful answers to the research questions although they did not fit the criteria of being communityownedandofaproductive-useapplication.These twoseparateprojects consisted of individual home lighting solar photovoltaic systems; one of them a loanprogramimplementedbyagovernmentMinistry incommunitieswhichwould benefit from the national electric grid extension in the short tomedium terms and one implemented by a national NGO in isolated communities that would never benefitfromgridextension.Table11.2categorizes thecasestudiesbycountry, type and renewable energy resource. Figures 11.3 and11.4belowshow thegeographical distributionof theprojects. Asmentioned above, in the cases where I evaluated programs, the star indicates where the cluster of projects is located. The projects were evaluated on economic, developmental and climate change indicators,whichincludedindicators focusingonsustainabledevelopment,poverty alleviation, emissions reductions, and climate vulnerability. I examined how the type of common property governance, local historical and environmental back- groundandproject implementationprocess influenced theproject success inmeet- ing multiple objectives of climate adaptation, mitigation and development. Data collection methods included participatory poverty assessment techniques, semi- structured interviews, stakeholder analysis, and a combinationof rapid andpartic- ipatorymethods. The analysis of sustainable development and vulnerability used Sustainable Livelihoods Approachmethodologies and emissions reductions were calculatedusing carbon reductionmethodologies of the IPCC. Figures 11.5 and 11.6 portray the logical flowcharts fromwhich the indicators for this research were derived for each of the two main research questions. Tables 11.3 and11.4 list the specific indicators used. 11 SustainableDevelopment,ClimateChange, andRenewableEnergy inRural. . . 193