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cookstoves, and household biodigester systems have been establishedwith head- quarters inPhnomPenh. 12.4.1 CookstoveCase TheNewLaos Stove (NLS) project wasmanaged by the FrenchNGO, “Groupe Energies Renouvelables, Environement et Solidarites” (Geres), Cambodia. The charcoal stove, designed for urban households but almost equally utilized in rural communities, has sold over a million units since 1998. Carbon finance from the voluntary market financed the rull range of the project’s operational costs from 2006 to2013,when the carbon creditingperiod closed (Geres 2013). NLSutilized a low cost technology of improved biomass cookstove, valued at approximately 5USDper unit,which is produced in local centers in regionof the country known for artisanal stove production. The project developers used an “intrinsic revenuemodel” (Verles 2015), whereby they fund technicalworkshops to teach local artisans to execute their design, and then recycle funds fromcarbon financeintoexpandingtheprogramandmonitoringtheimplementation.Withinthis model, carbon credits act as a temporary subsidy for the establishment of a long- term national industry and local supply chain (idem). Given the close alignment between project participation and livelihood incentives, the value chain and the project structure are impossible to distinguish. Geres attributes their considerable success in technology distribution to the strategic use of already existing production and dissemination networks within KampongCh’nangprovince, thetraditionalceramicsregionofCambodia.Utilizing historic production channels also offeredmonetary benefits: distributors received the technologyongoodfaith fromtheproducers,pedaling theirwares thousandsof miles away fromthehomefactorybasedongenerationsof trust.This social aspect of thedistribution systemenabled the administrators to avoidfinancingdifficulties in disseminating the locally produced stoves nationwide. However the emissions reductionsper household serviced are the low,while thebreadthof thedissemina- tionand local livelihood indexscore for local economicgain is the strongest in the set. The relatively high Livelihood Index score is derived fromGeres’ decision to trainexistingceramicsfactories toproducetheirstovemodel,andtheyachievedthe transition in production type through frontloadingfinancial incentives for the pro- ducersduring the trainingand in thefirst yearsofproduction.Byfeedingsubsidies to the producers, and not to the consumers, Geres effectively transformed the cookstove producing region of Kampong Ch’nang into their improved stove model. Notably, the 35 stove factories that are registered NLS producers are all locallyownedandmanaged, raising theLIdue to thestrongpresenceofmanagers, decision makers, and skilled labor positions engendered by the project. Another advantage to utilizing fully local production and distributionmethods is that risk 224 J.Hyman