Seite - 71 - in Critical Issues in Science, Technology and Society Studies - Conference Proceedings of the 17th STS Conference Graz 2018

investigation (Zweck 2010, 51). The three toolboxes offer different focus aspects of the analysis, although they are always linked to each other (Zweck 2003, 17; 2009, 197; 2012, 73; 2014, 21). Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics Industrial Engineering, as an interdisciplinary scientific discipline shaped by the industrial context and engineering science, deals with work-related activities of individuals and groups and the consequences of work (Sydow & Helfen 2015, 225). Both objective and subjective work aspects are considered (Schlick et al. 2010, 1). It follows the economic principle and has the goals of an optimal design of work tasks, work systems, workplaces, safety and health protection at the workplace. The analysis focuses on the human being and a general economic exploitation. Thus Industrial Engineering uses empirical methods as well as theoretical constructs to achieve this aim. In addition, Industrial Engineering makes use of other disciplines like psychology, economy, mathematics, statistics and their methods for research on work- related activities (Schlick et al. 2010). Important sociological sub-disciplines are sociology of work, industrial sociology, sociology of technology and industrial sociology (Schlick et al. 2010, 18). "ELSI" questions (Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects) have therefore gained importance in Industrial Engineering. Especially the research of ELSI consequences of technical innovations of an extended technology assessment are to be mentioned here (Bohn et al.2004). In this way, Industrial Engineering and Future and Innovation Research use similar methods to advance research in the sense of self-referentiality and interpenetration of their system. 3. New Forms of Organization in a Digital Environment This chapter is about defining and describing the field of online work and differentiate it from institutionalized work and highlighting the opportunities and risks for society. In the process, reference is made throughout to the theories outlined above. At the end of this chapter, the need for further scientific research in this field is outlined. Online Work The term online work refers to new phenomenona that is made possible with the help of developed technologies such as smartphones, computers and tablet PCs. As a socio-technical system, it follows organizational, technical and social logics in the interpenetration process (Zweck 2014, 23). This creates a new innovative branch of work/occupation. These include intermediary services that provide affordable orders online via internet platforms. Platforms are Internet-based portals that offer a stage for interaction (Leimeister 2015). Using complex algorithms, they create a workspace (Kalkhake 2016). Leimeister (2016) proposes a subdivision into five groups: microtask-, marketplace-, design-, testing- and innovation-platforms. The platforms differ in the nature of the orders, as well as in the work forms. Criteria of differentiation are paid/unpaid work, online/offline, minor tasks/elaborate tasks, simple/complex eco- nomic/not economic, german/other languages. Established names for subgroups would be crowdwork or clickwork (Pongratz & Borman 2017, 160; Mrass et al. 2018, 2; Däubler 2015). Previous research in the field has shown that the extent of contract placement has been low and that only a few hundred thousand people use these platforms regularly. However, it is interesting to note that private persons in particular make use of it (Kalkhake 2016, 52). These persons usually earn only small sums of up to 500 euros per month, accordingly only a small part can live from their 71