Seite - 57 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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Energies 2017,10, 1217
Table27.Cont.
InteractionwithRES FieldofApplication Contribution
SolarPVandwind
turbine Smarthome • Developmentofcontrol strategyforsmarthomes
withgrid-interactiveEVandrenewablesources
Parking lot • Designof intelligentoptimizationframeworkfor
integratingrenewablesourcesandEVs
Griddistributionnetwork • PotentialanalysisofgridconnectedEVsfor
balancing intermittencyof renewablesources
• EmissionanalysisofEVsassociatedwith
renewablegeneration
• Developmentofoptimizedalgorithmto integrate
EVsandrenewablesources to thegrid
Microgrid • DevelopmentofV2Gcontrol formaximized
renewable integration inmicrogrid
8.2. ImpactonEnvironment
Oneof themain factors thatpropelled the increaseofEVs’popularity is their contribution to
reduce thegreenhousegas (GHG)emissions.Conventional internal combustionengine (ICE)vehicles
burnfuelsdirectlyandthusproduceharmfulgases, includingcarbondioxideandcarbonmonoxide.
ThoughHEVsandPHEVshaveICengines, theiremissionsare less thantheconventionalvehicles. But
therearealso theories that theelectricalenergyconsumedbytheEVscangiverise toGHGemission
fromthepowerplantswhichhavetoproducemorebecauseof theextra loadaddedinformofEVs.
This theorycanbe justifiedbythe fact that thepeak loadpowerplantsare likely tobe ICEtype,or
canusegasor coal forpowergeneration. IfEVsaddexcess loadduringpeakhours, itwill lead to
theoperationofsuchplantsandwillgiverise toCO2emission[155]. Reference [156]alsostatedthat
powergenerationfromcoalandnaturalgaswillproducemoreCO2 fromEVpenetrationthanICEs.
However,all thepower isnotgeneratedfromsuchresources. Therearemanyotherpowergenerating
technologies thatproduce lessGHG.With thoseconsidered, theGHGproductionfrompowerplants
becauseofEVpenetration is less thantheamountproducedbyequivalentpowergenerationfromICE
vehicles. Thepowerplantsalsoproduceenergy inbulk, thusminimizingtheperunitemission.With
renewablesources integratedproperly,whichtheEVscansupportstrongly, theemissionfromboth
powergenerationandtransportationsectorcanbereduced[115]. Over the lifetime,EVscause less
emissionthanconventionalvehicles. Thisparametercanbedenotedaswell-to-wheelemissionandit
hasa lowervalue forEVs[157]. In [158],well-to-wheelandproductionphasesare taken intoaccount
tocalculate the impactofEVsontheenvironment. ThisapproachstatedtheEVstobe the least carbon
intensiveamongthevehicles.Denmarkmanagedtoreduce85%CO2emissionfromtransportationby
combiningEVsandelectricpower. EVsalsoproducefar lessnoise,whichcanhighlyreducesound
pollution,mostly inurbanareas. Therecyclingof thebatteries raisesseriousconcerns though,as there
are feworganizationscapableof recyclingthe lithium-ionbatteries fully.However, like theprevious
nickel-metalandlead-acidones, lithium-ioncellsarenotmadeofcausticchemicals,andtheir reuse
canreduce ‘peak lithium’or ‘peakoil’demands[81].
8.3. ImpactonEconomy
Fromtheperspectiveof theEVowners,EVsprovide lessoperatingcostbecauseof their superior
efficiency[22]; it canbeupto70%whereICEvehicleshaveefficiencies intherangeof60%to70%[159].
ThecurrenthighcostofEVsis likelytocomedownfrommassproductionandbetterenergypolicies[3]
whichwill further increase theeconomicgainsof theowners.V2Galsoallowstheowners toobtaina
financialbenefit fromtheirvehiclesbyprovidingservice to thegrid[160]. Thepowerserviceproviders
benefit fromEVintegrationmainlyby implementingcoordinatedchargingandV2G. Itallowsthemto
57
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik