Seite - 66 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 Figure71. Transitionof theoperatingmodesof thevehicleused in [181]byHuiet al. Fromengine start toshutdownthroughstops, thevehiclecanuseeither thehydraulicor theelectric system,or it canuseboth. Figure72.Operatingprincipleof thecontrol systemproposedbyHuietal. Thecontrol strategydrives theactuatingsystemsaccordingto thedecisionsmadefromthesensor inputs.Adaptedfrom[181]. In [186], Su et al., presented an algorithm (shown in Figure 73) capable of providing charge intelligently toa largefleetofPHEVsdockedatamunicipal chargingstation. Thisalgorithm—which usedtheestimationofdistribution(EDA)algorithm—consideredreal-world factorssuchasremaining chargingtime, remainingbatterycapacity,andenergyprice. The loadmanagementsystemproposed byDeilamietal., in [140]consideredmarketenergyprices thatvarywithtime, timezonespreferredby EVownersbypriorityselection,andrandomplugging-inofEVs—forprovidingcoordinatedcharging inasmartgridsystem. It thenusedthemaximumsensitivities selection (MSS)optimization technique to enableEVs chargeas soonaspossibledependingon thepriority timezoneswhilemaintaining theoperationcriteriaof thegridsuchasvoltageprofile, limitsofgeneration,andlosses. Thissystem wassimulatedusinganIEEE23kVdistributionsystemmodifiedfor thispurpose.Mohamedetal., designedanenergymanagementalgorithmtobeappliedinEVchargingparksincorporatingrenewable generationsuchasPVsystems[187]. Thesystemtheydevelopedusedafuzzycontroller tomanage thecharging/dischargingtimesof theconnectedEVs,powersharingamongthem,andV2Gservices. 66