Seite - 74 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 • Whatever thechargingsystemis, thechargingtimeisstillvery long. This isamajordisadvantage that is thwarting thegrowthof theEVmarket. Extensive research is needed in this sector to providebetter technologies thatcanprovidemuchfasterchargingandcanbecompatiblewith thesmall timerequired torefill an ICEvehicle.Wirelesscharging isalsosomething inneedof research.Withall theconveniences itpromises, it is stillnot inaviable formtocommercialize. • EVimpacts theenvironment,powersystem,andeconomyalongside the transportationsector. It showspromises to reduce theGHGemissionsaswell as efficient andeconomical transport solutions.At thesametime, it cancauseseriousproblems in thepowersystemincludingvoltage instability,harmonics,andvoltagesag,but theseshortcomingsmaybeshort-lived if smartgrid technologiesareemployed. Thereareprospectsof research in theareasofV2G,smartmetering, integrationofRES,andsystemstabilityassociatedwithEVpenetration. • EVsemploydifferent techniques toreduceenergy lossandincreaseefficiency. Reducing thedrag coefficient,weight reduction, regenerativebraking,andintelligentenergymanagementaresome of theseoptimization techniques. Further researchdirectionscanbebetteraerodynamicbody designs,newmaterialswith lessweightanddesiredstrength,ways togenerateandrestore the lostenergy. • Differentcontrolalgorithmshavebeendevelopedfordrivingassist, energymanagement,and charging. There is lots of room left formore research into chargingandenergymanagement algorithms.With increasedEVpenetration in the future,demands forefficientalgorithmsare boundto increase. 15.Conclusions EVs have great potential of becoming the future of transportwhile saving this planet from imminentcalamitiescausedbyglobalwarming. Theyareaviablealternative toconventionalvehicles thatdependdirectlyon thediminishing fossil fuel reserves. TheEV types, configurations, energy sources,motors,powerconversionandchargingtechnologies forEVshavebeendiscussed indetail in thispaper. Thekey technologiesof eachsectionhavebeenreviewedandtheir characteristicshave beenpresented. The impactsEVscause indifferentsectorshavebeendiscussedaswell, alongwith thehugepossibilities theyholdtopromoteabetterandgreenerenergysystembycollaboratingwith smart grid and facilitating the integration of renewable sources. Limitations of current EVshave been listedalongwithprobablesolutions toovercometheseshortcomings. Thecurrentoptimization techniquesandcontrolalgorithmshavealsobeen included.Abriefoverviewof thecurrentEVmarket hasbeenpresented. Finally, trendsandwaysof futuredevelopmentshavebeenassessedfollowedby theoutcomesof thispaper tosummarize thewhole text,providingaclearpictureof thissectorand theareas inneedof further research. Acknowledgments:Nofundinghasbeenreceivedinsupportof this researchwork. AuthorContributions:Allauthorscontributedforbringingthemanuscriptinitscurrentstate. Theircontributions include detailed survey of the literatures and state of art which were essential for the completion of this reviewpaper. Conflictsof Interest:Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictof interest. References 1. Yong, J.Y.; Ramachandaramurthy,V.K.; Tan,K.M.;Mithulananthan,N.A reviewon the state-of-the-art technologiesof electricvehicle, its impacts andprospects.Renew. Sustain. EnergyRev. 2015,49, 365–385. [CrossRef] 2. Camacho,O.M.F.;Nørgård,P.B.;Rao,N.;Mihet-Popa,L.ElectricalVehicleBatteriesTesting inaDistribution NetworkusingSustainableEnergy. IEEETrans. SmartGrid2014,5, 1033–1042. [CrossRef] 3. Camacho,O.M.F.;Mihet-Popa,L.FastChargingandSmartChargingTests forElectricVehiclesBatteries usingRenewableEnergy.OilGasSci. Technol. 2016,71, 13–25. [CrossRef] 74