Seite - 88 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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Energies 2016,9, 86
way. Section6providesanoverviewofotherrelatedemerging issues, suchas lifecyclecostanalysis
andtheuseofEVs inruralareasandtoconfrontnaturaldisasters. Finally,Section7summarizes the
maincontributionsof thispaper.
2. Environmental IssuesRelatedto theUseofElectricVehicles (EVs)
2.1. EnvironmentalAspects ofTransportation
Transportationactivities involve thesideeffects (externalities)ofnoisepollution,airpollution,
and traffic congestion,whichcurrent cityplanningstrategieshardly take intoaccount. Given that
the transport sector accounted formore thana25%ofworldenergyconsumption, andproducing
energyincreasesaircontamination, theseexternalitiesmustbeconsideredtoensure thesustainable
growth of transportationworldwide [7]. A complete description of the problem of externalities
in transportationwould involve the introductionof the following sources of external costs: noise,
air pollution, infrastructurewear, visual intrusion, flow congestion, traffic accidents, and so on.
Nonetheless, themainenvironmental studiesareperformedon thenoiseandairpollutioncaused
by transportation, due to the fact that they are verywell-known externalities. Some reports and
studieshave tried toassess theeconomic impactandpricingof theseexternalities inEurope,but their
resultshavenotbeenconclusivesofar. Ineffect, there isagreatdivergence in thecostestimationof
externalities [8].AccordingtoKorzhenevychetal. [9],externalcostsof transportationactivitiesaccount
forabout8.5%of theGDPinregionssuchas theEuropeanUnion. Theseactivities representoneof the
largest sourcesofCO2emissions,andthere isastrong interest inmitigatingtheireffects.
Nowadays, there is a general agreement on the need to consider these negative externalities
whenformulating transportationpoliciesandlogistic strategies. For instance, theEuropeanUnion
hasdevelopedan infrastructure-use taxation systembasedon the “user andpolluter pays” tenet.
Inextraordinarycases involving infrastructures inmountainousareas, thedirectivessuggestedthe
rise of toll charges. Someof thesedirectiveshighlight thatparticular attention shouldbedevoted
tomountainous regions, suchas theAlpsor thePyrenees,with the consequent apportionment of
EuropeanUniontaxpayers’moneytoitsrelatedprojects. Thesuitablepricingofall theaforementioned
externalities isessential for thesuccessofanyconsiderationofadequatepayments in transportation
policies.Asstatedbefore, twomain typesof traffic-relatedenvironmentalpollutionareconsidered: air
pollutionandnoisepollution. Thepreviousdiscussionabout the importanceofcontrollingdifferent
typesofcontaminatingemissionsexplainstheneedforsearchingnewtechnologies thatallowreducing
theenvironmental impactof freight transportationactivities. In thissense, the increasinguseofEVs
inhybridfleets constitutes a fundamental step in this direction [10]. Somebasic figureswill help
tounderstand thepotential contributionofEVs inpromoting sustainabilityof freight-distribution
operations: according to Figliozzi [11], while a diesel van delivering goods in a “standard” city
releasesabout1.0375kgCO2/mile,usinganEVinsteadwouldproduce justabout0.01915kgCO2/mile
(notice that thisnumbercorresponds to theestimatedemissionsproducedbythesourceofelectrical
powernecessary toruntheEV). Inotherwords,adieselvan(ICEV)coveringamileproducesabout
54 times theCO2 emissions releasedbyanEVtodo the samedistributionactivity. Of course, this
hugeadvantagehas tobeconsideredalongwith theassociateddisadvantages, e.g., limitedautonomy
of theEVs, reductionof the loadtocarrypermile, etc.Further, therearedifferentalternatives to the
useof“pure”or“standard”EVs,amongthemhydraulichybridEVs[12]aswellashydrogen-based
EVs[13],whichwouldfurtherreduceCO2emissions. Fromthissimpleexample, it seemsclear that
thecontributionofEVstoenvironmental sustainabilitycanbesignificant.
2.2. Environmental ImpactofDeliveringGoods inUrbanAreas
Duringthe lastdecades,a largepercentageof theworld’spopulationhasmovedintocities [14].
Therefore,allL&Tissuesrelatedtoprocurementandsupplymanagementofcitiesarecritical. City
managers try to identifynewstrategies to increase thequalityof lifeof theircitizenswhilemaintaining
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Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik