Seite - 90 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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Energies 2016,9, 86
vehiclesdouble-parkedorparked inrestrictedareas todiminish thewalkingdistancedelivery,having
topayinmanycasesextracostsduetoparkingfines.Moreover,otheradvantagesofEVsarerelatedto
the lowernoise levelproducedbytheiruse incomparisonwiththenoise levelof ICEVs[25].Many
papershavebeenpublishedhighlightingthegoodpropertiesandadvantagesofEVs[26],but little
workhasbeendone so far to evaluate the environmental impact of theEVsproduction itself and
theelectricitypowergeneration. In fact, to thebestofourknowledge, there isnopublishedcarbon
footprintcomparisonbetweencompanieswhichuse ICEVsandthoseusingEVs[27].
2.3.Decarbonizing theLast-MileDeliveryProcesswith theUseofEVs
The study and development of the EV Routing Problem, along with the variation in
competitivenessdueto the introductionofEVs inhybridfleets, isa recentstudyareawithmanyreal
applications. AsnoticedbyAfroditi et al. [28], this study is especially interesting in the“last-mile”
deliveryprocess. Thedistributionprocess isusuallycritical in the lastmileof thesupplychain,where
mostof thedifficultoperationaldecisions tomakearepresent. Ineffect, it is in this lastmilewhere
moredetailscanaffect thequalityof thedeliveryservice,wheremoreroutesareformed,andwherethe
direct contactwith thefinalcustomermakesacriticalmixbetweenL&Tandmarketing. Thissituation
involvesanexhaustiveuseofL&Tresources toachieve theexpectingqualityof thedeliveryprocess.
Anexhaustiveuseof resourcesusuallycausesmorenegativeexternalities (congestion,emissions,and
noise,amongothers). Therefore, theuseofEVs in the last-mileactivitycanhelp tosignificantlyreduce
the level of the aforementioned externalities. This improvement has been clearly shown inmany
Europeancities suchasParis,London,orVienna[29]. Thus, theEVsarerevealedasaveryuseful tool
to“decarbonize” the lastmiledeliveryprocess,althoughtheir range limitationcouldbean important
disadvantage insomecases.
The typical designof anEV is conceived in the shapeof a small vehicle to take advantageof
its capacity and its performance according to the electric power of its battery. Nevertheless, it is
alsopossible todesignEVswith the shapeof a bikewith a small electric enginehybridizedwith
humanpowerpropulsion. ThesebikeEVsareusuallypresented in thewayof tricycles toprovide
themwithmorecapacity.Deliveryactions in the last-mile rangeusingelectric tricyclesarebecoming
increasingly common,mainly inverycongestedcities [30]. Thesevehicles clearlybenefit fromthe
optionofrechargingbatterieswiththeuseofhumanpowerpropulsion. Somecompaniesshowingthis
experienceinfreightdeliveriesare,amongothers: Ecopostale (Brussels,Belgium),B-line(Portland,OR,
USA),LaPetiteReine (Paris,France),orTxita (SanSebastian,Spain). Somestudiesperformedbythese
companiesrangethesavingsinCO2emissionsfromthe8.5tonsperyear(Ecopostale) tothe89.125tons
peryear (LaPetiteReine)ofoil equivalent.Another interestingexperienceconcerningtheevaluation
of results in lastmiledeliveryoptimization isdepictedbyBrowne et al. [25],whodescribedatrialof
shippedgoods fromasuburbandepotservingcustomers inLondon. In their study, thefleetof ICEVs
performingdeliveries inLondonwasreplacedbyEVsandtricyclesworking inaconsolidationcenter
in theBritishcapital. Thenormaluseof thoseEVsisnot interferedwithbyanyfossil fuelconsumption
orgreenhouseeffectduetothefact that theelectricitytheyusewasexclusivelygeneratedbyrenewable
sources. Bymakingadirect comparisonbetweentheemissionswithconventional ICEVsandwith
EVs, it ispossible to conclude thatCO2 emissions fell by20%ifusingstandardEVsandby54%if
usingtricycles.Moreover,GNewtCargo, theoperatorof themicro-consolidationcenter, certifiedthat
it ispossible tocut theCO2emissionsby62%. Similarly,Conway et al. [29]describe twocasestudies
inNewYork(USA)where theuseofelectric cargocycles involvesasavingsof11–13 tons/yearofCO2
emissionsand2–2.5 lbs/yearofparticulatematter for thefirst case,and8.3 tons/yearand1.6 lbs/year,
respectively, for thesecondcase.
Asdiscussed inBektasandLaporte [5], the inclusionofpollutantemissions invehicle routing
problemshasallowedthedesignofnewroutingmodelsandthedevelopmentofnewoptimization
algorithms. Likewise, ithasgeneratedanupdatedclassificationofpollutionpricingmodels inside the
VRPframework[31,32].
90
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik