Seite - 91 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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Energies 2016,9, 86
3. StrategicandPlanningIssuesRelatedto theUseofEVs
Dueto thedifferentaspects thatdistinguishEVsfromtraditional ICEVs, theL&Tproblemsthat
havebeenaddressedsofar forconventionalvehiclesneedtoberethoughtandreformulatedto take
intoaccount thenewfeaturesofEVs.Unlikeconventionalvehicles,EVsmust refuel frequentlydueto
theshort lengthof theirbatteries in termsof traveldistance, i.e., their limiteddrivingrange[10]. Thus,
usersmustconsiderhowmanymilescanbecoveredbeforearecharge isneeded. There isnodoubt
that this restricts theiruse as transport tools. Therefore, theprovisionof thenecessary recharging
stations and their integration in the transport networkare important issues to address. Themain
issues todetermineare: (i) thenumber andkindof refueling stations to establish; (ii) the location
of thesestations;and(iii) theiroptimalcapacity.Moreover, companiesneedtoassess the impactof
the introductionofEVs in theirfleet, so that theycanchoose thebest sizeandmixofvehicles touse.
Hence, thefleet sizeandmix is another important issue toanalyze. The followingsubsectionsare
devotedtoreviewanddescribe the influenceofsomeof theseaspects in theL&Tarena.
3.1.DifferentKindsofRechargingStations
AsEVsareentering themarket, there isarisingdemandforpublic refuelingstations.Nowadays,
when theEV’s batteries aredepleted there are twopossibilities: recharge themor exchange them.
Chargingstationscanbedividedinto twocategories: fastchargingandslowcharging.Afast refueling
station can quickly recharge an EV in less than fiveminutes [33], but this kind of charging can
significantlyshortenthe lifeof thebatteries.Conversely,aslowrefuelingstationneedsa longer time
torechargeanEV.AtslowrechargingstationsofLevel1or2 (110–240V),vehiclesneedtowait from
2upto8hto fullycharge theirbatteries.At rechargestationsofLevel3 (480V), chargingabattery
fully takes about 20–40min. Therefore, recharge timehasbeena critical factor influencingpublic
acceptanceofEVs.Amajorsolutioncouldbetoremovetheexistingbattery that isnearlydepleted
and replace thebatterywith a fully chargedone, asproposedbyLi [34]. Suchamethod is called
battery swapping. Themainbenefit associatedwith the swappingmodel is the speed. Thewhole
operationcould take less than10min,which isonparwithconventionalvehiclesandmuchfaster
thanevensomefast rechargingstations. Othernoted featuresofbattery swapstations include the
following: (i) chargingdepletedbatteriescanbe left for thenightwhenthechargingcost is low; (ii) the
provisionofgrid-support service inacentralizedcharginganddischargingmanner; (iii) theability for
drivers toresumetheir journeys inminuteswithafull-capacitybattery; (iv) thechargingofbatteries in
slow-chargingmodetoextendtheir lifetime;and(v) thesavings incostofEVsbyprovidingbatteries
byoperators.AspointedoutbyYang et al. (2015) [35], abatteryswappingmodelcouldbeconsidered
moreappropriate thanabatteryrechargingmodelsince the formernotonly improves theproductivity
of vehicles but also lowers the charging cost. Due to thebatterydriving range limitation and the
natureofbatteryswapping,distributionnetworkoptimizationwithabatteryswapping infrastructure
couldbeanimportantpartofestablishinganygreenL&Tpolicy.However, companiescantakethis
possibility, since thebestbatteryswappinginfrastructureownershipmodel is thecompany-owned
businessmodel, which indicates that the L&T companies establish andoperate the battery swap
stations for theEVsby themselves. Thisway,determining the idealbattery swapstations location
strategyandvehicle routingplanforadistributionnetwork ismainlyaquestionofservice leveland
operationalcost for the logisticsenterprises.
All inall, themajor challengesencounteredregarding thekindofEVs rechargingstationsare
summarizednext. Ontheonehand,EVconsumersexpecta short charging time just like refueling
their currentvehicles. This requirementmakes fast chargingstationsmorepreferred,but thiskind
ofchargingcanshortenthe lifeof thebatteries.Moreover,asclearlyexplainedin[36], implementing
centralizedcharging/dischargingcontrolunderplug-inmodeisverydifficult, sinceEVuserspresenta
stochasticchargingprofile. Inorder toavoiduncontrolledcharging,whichmayproduceasignificantly
increaseof thepeak loadandendangerpowersystemsecurity , someincentivestrategiescouldbe
proposed.Ontheotherhand,consideringtheaforementionedchallenges,analternativestrategybased
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Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik