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Energies 2016,9, 86
onabattery swapstationhas received increasingattentionduring recent years [37–39]. However,
batteryswapstationshavetheproblemof the lackofunifiedbatterystandards forvariousEVs.As
willbediscussedin thenextsubsection, themajorityofpapers in the literature tackle transportation
problemsusingEVswith charging stations. Nevertheless, there is an emergingnumber ofworks
consideringbatteryswapstations.
3.2. RechargingStationLocation
Asmentionedbefore, oneof themain issues to be addressed regarding theEVs success is to
determine the location of recharging stations. Therefore, it is important to developmethods that
allowminimizing thecostsofdevelopinganalternative infrastructure. This“station locationproblem”
canbeconsideredaspecific caseofFacilityLocationProblem(FLP).Thekeyquestions commonly
faced by facility planners include: (i) the number of facilities; (ii) the locations of these facilities;
and(iii) thetypesof facilities (intermsofsize,productvarietyandotherdesignaspects).Most location
models focusoneitherminimizingtheaveragecostof travel (themedianproblem)orminimizingthe
maximumcostof travel (thecenterproblem). In theparticularcaseofoptimally locatingrecharging
stations, several locationmodels havebeenproposed. Thesemodels canbedivided in twomain
groups,node-basedandflow-based,dependingontheirassumptionsof refuelingdemandtype[40].
Thep-medianmodel isawell-knownnode-basedmodel thathasbeenused inmanyarticles to locate
conventionalgasolineoralternative-fuelvehicles refuelingstations [41].However, since thedemand
forvehicles isgenerally intheformoftrafficflowthatpassesbytherefuelingfacilities[42], themajority
ofpapers in the literaturearebasedonflow-basedmodels. Specifically, the locationsof recharging
stations forEVs,whichpresentssomepeculiaritiesdueto their limiteddrivingrange, isusually tacked
usingflow-basedmodels. Thus,Hodgson [42]providedabasic theoretical framework fordealing
with theproblemof locatingstations.However, thisapproachdependsontheassumptionthat, ifone
station issitedonanodeofapath, thenall therelatedtrafficflowswillbecaptured.Unfortunately,
thisassumptioncannotbeapplied toalternative fuelvehicles since thesehavea limitedrangeand
needamulti-stopsystemtoextendtheirdrivingdistanceandcarryout long-distance journeys.
Inorder toachieve themulti-stopsneededfor long-distance travel,KubyandLim[43]proposed
aflowrefueling locationmodel (FRLM).Theobjectiveof theFRLMis tomaximize thecaptureof the
trafficflowsoneachpath ifacombinationofstationssitedonthepathscanbesuccessfullyusedto
refuelvehicles, so that theycancomplete their trips. Thismodelneeds tobesolved in twostages. The
first stage is tofindfeasiblecombinationsofcandidate locationsofstations torefuel theflowsoneach
path,andthesecondstage iswhenthesecombinationsareusedas inputs to themodel todetermine
thestation locations.Dueto the time-consumingprocessofgeneratingcombinations infirst stage,Lim
andKuby[44]providedsomeheuristicalgorithmstosolve largerscaleproblems.CaparandKuby[45]
developedanewapproachtosolve theflowrefueling locationprobleminonestage. Three locating
logicswereusedtocheckwhetherapathcouldberefueledbythesitedrefuelingstations. Thefirst
is if there isno stationbuilt at theorigin then there shouldbeat least one stationbuiltwithinhalf
thevehicle rangeto theoriginnode, so that it canbereachablebyhalfa tankof fuelorhalfabattery
charge. Thesecondis if there isastationbuiltata location, thenthenextbuilt facilityshouldbewithin
thevehicle range,otherwise thevehiclecannot reachthenextstation. The third is if thevehicle range
isgreater thanorequal to twotimes thepath length, thenasinglestationatanypointcanrefuel the
entirepath. However, these logics areavailableonlywhen thevehiclehas regained its full fuel or
charge level (formaximumrange)aftereachperiodofrefuelingat thestations,e.g.,via fuel-tankor
batteryexchange,whichmakes thenewerapproachdifficult toapplywithregardtomultiple types
ofstationswithdifferent refuelingorrechargingefficiencies. Inaddition, thisapproachcannotsolve
thecapacitated locationproblem,wherebyeachstationhasa limitednumberofdemandstohandle.
Basically, suchmodelsdonotconsider the factorsof refuelingorrechargingefficiencyandtime,and
are limitedto the locationofasinglekindofstationforperformingthebatteryexchange(orvery fast
refueling) torefill thevehicles.
92
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik