Seite - 95 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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Energies 2016,9, 86
the routes, involvinga timepenalty. Thisway, several scenarios combiningkindsofvehicleswere
evaluated,andfinally theresults showedthatusingEVsisamorecostlyalternativedueto thehigh
investmentrequiredforacquiringorconvertingthesevehicles.AccordingtoLebeau et al. (2015) [63],
oneof theproblemsof thismodel is that the locationsofchargingspotswerenotconsidered,meaning
thatEVscouldvirtuallyrefuelanywhereonthedeliveryroundonce thebatterywasempty. Erdog˘an
andMiller-Hooks [65] improvedthepreviousworkbydevelopingthegreenVRPwith thepossibility
of refuelingvehiclesat theexistingalternative fuelingstationsalong the routes. Thecontributions
of these twoworkswere integratedbySchneider et al. [66] in theirelectricVRPwithtimewindows.
Charging locationsandchargingtimesarebothconsidered in theirmodelwhichapproacheswell the
problemofEVs. AsimilarapproachwasalsodevelopedbyConradandFigliozzi [67]. Basedona
capacitatedVRPwithtimewindowsconstraints, they introducedthe limitedrangeandchargingtimes
inorder toget therechargingvehicle routingproblem.Theirmaindifference is regardingcharging
locations, since theseauthorsconsider thatcharging ispossibleat somecustomer locationswhile the
formulation in [66] ismoreflexibleasotherpossiblecharging locationsarepossible in thenetwork.
Bae et al. [68]alsoconsideredtheEVandinternal-combustionenginesvehiclesfleet sizeandmix
problemasa two-player two-stagegame. They focusedondeterminationof the levelofhybridor
alternativeenergydeliveryfleet fora logisticsandtransportationcompany. Inorder todothat, they
constructedamodelof self-selectionwithheterogeneousconsumerswhovalue thefirm’sdelivery
servicealongtwodimensions: thequalityofdeliveryserviceandtherelativereduction inemissions.
Theseauthorsconcludedthatwhilesubsidiesmayincrease theoperator’sprofit theymayalsoresult
inhigherprices for thecustomers.However, thesecustomerswillbenefit fromareduction inpollution
ifmoreEVsareused.Morerecently,VanDuin et al. [69]dealtwith theelectricalvehiclefleet sizeand
mixVRPwith timewindows. Theaimis todetermineanoptimalfleetofEVsanddelivery routes
to offer a desired service level atminimal cost to a set of customerswithdelivery timewindows.
However,asnoticedbyLebeau et al. (2015) [63], theyapproachedtheproblemwithoutconsideringthe
previousworkonbatteryelectricvehicles inVRP.Asaresult, themodel involvessimilarweaknesses
as in [64], i.e., theydonotconsider the locationsofchargingpoints.AnEVwithabatteryswapping
systemismodeledso that the rangeof thisEVcanbedoubled.Nonetheless, theswappingsystem
isnot reflected in theconstraints. It is in fact reflected in the rangeparameterof thevehiclewhich
is simplydoubled,meaning that thebatteryof theEVcanbe swappedvirtually anywhereon the
road.Hiermann et al. [70]developedthat idea further toproposeanelectricalvehiclefleet sizeand
mixVRPwith timewindowsthatalsoconsiders thedecisionsregardingthefleetcompositionandthe
choiceof rechargingtimesandlocations. Thisworkcanbeconsideredas thestateof theartofdelivery
optimizationwithEVs. Ifvehiclescannotrechargeorswaptheirbatteriesontheroad, thenanother
differentproblemcanbediscussedas in Juan et al. [10],whodealtwith theVRPwithmultipledriving
ranges,anextensionof theclassical routingproblemwhere the totaldistanceeachvehiclecantravel is
limitedandisnotnecessarily thesameforallvehicles, i.e., thefleet isheterogeneouswithrespect to
maximumroute lengths.
Regarding hydrogen-basedEVs, additional papers highlight the use of fleet vehicles to take
advantageofcentralizedfuelingwhilehydrogen infrastructure isbeingdeveloped. Thus, for instance,
Mercuri et al. [71], Joffe et al. [72],O’Garra et al. [73], andBrey et al. [74] present examples in Italy,
UnitedKingdom, andSpain, respectively. More recently, researchershavebegun to includemore
complete systems into the scope of theirmodels. For example, infrastructuremodels have been
developed forChina [75], Europe [76],Germany [77],GreatBritain [78], SouthKorea [79], and the
UnitedStates [80–82]. Forarecent literaturereviewaimedatoptimizinghydrogeninfrastructuresee
AgnolucciandMcDowall [83].
4. EmergingVehicleRoutingProblem(VRP)Operational IssuesRelatedto theUseofEVs
Novelemergingroutingmodels forEVshaveto includethemost importantpractical constraints
of logisticsserviceproviders thatuseEVsfor last-miledeliveries. First,vehiclecapacityrestrictions
95
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik