Seite - 96 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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Energies 2016,9, 86
have tobeconsidered forasignificant shareofdeliveryoperations. Second,manycompanies, e.g.,
in thesmallpackageshippingsector, faceahighpercentageof time-definitedeliveries,whichmakes
the integrationof customer timewindows into theroutingmodelanecessity. Thesecondaspect is
especially interestingbecauserechargingtimes forEVscannotbeassumedtobefixedbutdependon
thecurrentbatterychargeof thevehiclewhenarrivingat therechargingstation.Moreover, recharging
operations takea significant amountof time, especially compared to the relatively short customer
service timesof, e.g., smallpackageshippers,andthusclearlyaffect therouteplanning.
Motivated by the current transportation circumstances, Electric VehicleManagement (EVM)
has recentlyemergedasanewchallengingproblem,which is strongly related to thefieldofgreen
logisticsandhas thepurpose toexpedite theestablishmentofacustomerconvenient, cost-effective,
EVs infrastructure. Basedonthe increasingrelevanceof theproblemin the lastyears, anumberof
researchgroups in thisfieldhavestartedworkingonsomeparticularaspectsof thisnewarea. The
nextsubsectionsanalyzesometypical strategic, tactical, andoperational issuesarising inEVMbased
onthenewfeaturesofEVs.
4.1. Economic IssuesofEVs
This is a strategic objective that tries to determine if the emerging novel EVs technology is
sustainable for certain transportation activities. Many papers have been devoted to sustainable
operations in the transportationarea.However, researchontheeconomicviabilityofEVs is limited in
theproductionandoperationsmanagement literature. Inaddition, the impactofEVsontheassociated
supply chain is yet to be examined. Research on EVs has beenmostly focused on: (i) planning
infrastructuredeployment[46]; (ii) impactof integratingelectricvehicles intothepowersystem[84,85];
and (iii) using incentives topromoteEVs [86]. Perspectives and insights onEVadoptionareonly
recentlybeingdeveloped. Thus, intheAvcietal. [87]model, theinteractionsbetweentheinfrastructure
provider anddirect consumers in a principal-agent framework. Kleindorfer et al. [88] develop a
framework to determine andvalue optimal fleet renewal strategies for the Frenchpostal service,
LaPoste,under twotechnologyoptions (EVsandICEVs),uncertain fuelcosts,anduncertainbattery
prices. Wang and Lin [89] consider a firm’s capacity adjustments over time given a portfolio of
technologyoptionswhenthedemandandthe fuel costsareuncertain.Chocteau et al. [90]useagame
theory frameworktostudythevalueofcooperationbetweenstakeholderssuchasfleetmanager,auto
manufacturer,andelectricitysupplierundermultiplecoalitionsettings. Theyalsopresentconditions
underwhichsuchcooperationcanaddvalue.
4.2. Fleet size andMix IssuesofEVs
Acritical issuearisingwhenEVsare incorporated into thesetofvehicles tobemanagedgives
place to the so-calledVRPswith heterogeneous fleet. Contributions related to fleet size andmix
consideringEVsarerecentandvery limited.AMixedFleetorHeterogeneousVRPconsidersproblems
wheredifferenttypesofvehiclesareavailable. Itwasfirst introducedinGoldenetal. [91]. Subsequently,
Baldacci et al. [92] identifiesfivemajorsubclassesdiffering in thenumberofvehiclesavailable (limited
andunlimited),whetherafixedcostpervehicle isconsideredornotandif theroutingcostdepends
onthevehicle type. Theoriginal formulation in [91]considersanunlimitednumberofvehicleswith
fixedacquisitioncostsandvehicle type independentroutingcosts,whichcanbeclassifiedasaFleet
SizeandMixVRPwithFixedcosts (FSMF).
Asdescribedin[70],LiuandShen[93]proposes thefleetsizeandmixVRPwith timewindows
reformulating the FSMF to take into account timewindows. The routing cost corresponds to the
so-called enroute time ,which is the timebetweendepartingfromandreturningto thedepotmenus
decumulativeservice timeat thecustomers in therespectiveroute. Thisapproachwas testedusinga
newbenchmarksetbasedonthewell-knownSolomoninstances for theVRPwith timewindows.
96
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik