Seite - 97 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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Energies 2016,9, 86
4.3. ChargingNetworks IssuesofEVs
Onemajorbarrier to thesuccessofEVs is the limitednumberof refuelingstations.Dueto the
restrictedrangeofbatteries, theestablishmentofan infrastructure to facilitate recharging isapressing
concern. Twocritical factorsdetermine theneedfor infrastructureservicessuchasbatteryswapping
and recharging: dailydrivingdistance andbattery range. Due to the large capital costs involved
in infrastructure investment, economic factors arevery important indetermining thenumberand
locationofstations. Therefore, studiesmustworktoprovidea theoreticalbasis forstationdeployment,
suchaswitha facility locationmodel, toeconomicallyandefficiently serveEVtrips [33]. Location
problems ingeneralarespatial resourceallocationproblemsdealingwithoneormoreservice facilities
servingaspatiallydistributedsetofdemands. Theobjective is to locate facilities tooptimizeaspatially
dependentobjectivesuchas theminimizationofaverage traveling timeordistancebetweendemands
andfacilities. Themoststudiedpracticalprobleminthiscontextconcernshydrogenstation location.
Generalcriteriaareproposedfor identifyingeffective locations forearlyhydrogenstations: (i) close
toareaswithhightrafficvolume; (ii) inplaces toprovide fuelduring longdistance trips; (iii) athigh
profile locations to increasepublicawareness;and(iv) inplaces thatareaccessible to individualswho
arebuyingtheirfirst fuel-cellvehicle. Thesecriteriaarealsoneededtobe taken intoaccount inEVM
inorder toensureconsumerconfidence in thereliabilityof therefuelingnetwork[33].
4.4. Routing IssuesofEVs
RoutingofEVs is a critical aspect ofEVM, it consists ofdesigning routes formaximizing the
autonomyofvehicles. EfficientEVroutingplaysamajor role for encouragingEVuse. Theenergy
shortestpathproblemandtheenergyroutingproblemandsomerelationshipsbetweentheseemerge
as new challenges to face in the EVM. Restricted driving distance between battery charges is a
fundamental impediment to increase consumer adoption of EVs. In the small-package shipping
industry, several big companies, such asDHL,UPS andDPDhave already startedusingEVs for
last-mile deliveries, particularly inurban areas. Moreover, governments in all parts of theworld
promote the electrification trend and plan to provide the required infrastructure. Asmentioned
earlier,asuccessful transitionfromconventionalvehicles toEVsrequires thedevelopmentofnovel
efficient route-planning techniques that take into account the specific features of EVs. Currently,
themaximumdriving rangeofmostEVs is estimated tobeabout100–150miles [16], but it canbe
decreasedsignificantlybycoldtemperaturesandso-calledrangeanxiety [94,95]. Thus, theavailable
range ispotentiallynotsufficient toperformthe typicaldelivery tourofa logistics serviceprovider in
onerunor toreachcustomers locatedfar fromthedepot. Becausereducingthenumberofdeliveries
performedbyonevehicle isclearlynotaprofitableoption,visits torechargingstationsalongtheroutes
arerequired. Theserechargingvisitshavetobeexplicitlyconsideredintherouteplanningtoavoid
inefficientvehicle routeswith longdetours, especially if thenumberofavailable rechargingstations is
scarce. Inarecentwork,Hung et al. [96]proposeaqueuingmodelingframeworktodevelopefficient
routing strategies for EVs requesting charging at available stations. These authors show that the
proposedroutingstrategiescontribute to improvingthe throughputof thequeuingsystemandalso to
reducingstopover times. Inaddition,Liu et al. [97]analyzeaheterogeneousfleetversionof theVRPin
whichthegoal is tofindaroutingsolutionminimizingthecarbonfootprint. Similarly,Fang et al. [98]
try tominimize thecarbonfootprintgeneratedbybirdwatchingtouristactivities throughoutoptimal
routingdesignsupportedbygeographic informationsystems.
Table 2 summarizes someof themaindecisionvariables, constraints, andobjective functions
relatedto thenewVRPvariants thatemergewhenconsideringheterogeneousfleetsof ICEVsandEVs.
97
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik