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Energies 2016,9, 86
Table2.Detailsof somenewVRPvariants relatedtoEVs.
Variant DecisionVariables Constraints Objectives
Fleet size
andmix (1)Determine thenumberandtypeof
EVstobepurchased.
(2)Determinethe idealcompositionof the
heterogeneousfleet. (1)Environmental standards
andprice incentive to
acquisitionofEVs.
(2)Fixedandvariable
chargingtimes.
(3)Limitedbudget torenew
thefleetofvehicles. (1)Minimize theacquisition
andoperatingcostsofnewEVs.
(2)Maximize thesatisfactionof
customerneeds.
(3)Minimize theenvironmental
impact.
Charging
networks (1)Determinenumberandgeographical
positionof rechargingstations.
(2)Determinecapacityof
rechargingstations.
(3)Determine technologyof recharging
stations (lowor fast recharge).
(4)Decidebetweenswappingor
rechargingofbatteries. (1)Limitedbudget to install
newrechargingstations.
(2)NeedsofEVstorechargeor
exchangebatteries. (1)Minimize the investment
andoperatingcostsofcharging
networks.
(2)Maximize the levelof
service tocustomers.
Routing (1)Determine thenumberofvisits to
rechargingstations.
(2)Determine the timingofvisits to
rechargingstations.
(3)Allocateavailablerechargingresources
tovehicles inrechargingstations.
(4)Select theoptionof rechargingor
swappingbatteries. (1)Geographicalpositionof
rechargingstations.
(2)Capacityof recharging
stations.
(3)Fixedorvariable
recharging/swappingtimes. (1)Minimizeroutingcost
consideringrecharging
operations.
(2)Minimizeroutingtimes
consideringrecharging
operations.
(3)Minimizerechargingand
swappingcosts.
5. SolvingApproachesforVRPswithEVs
Asdiscussed in theprevioussections, the introductionofEVs in freightfleets imposesanumber
of strategic and operational challenges thatmust be efficiently addressedwith the use of novel
methods and approaches. This is particularly true for VRPmodels, which can be classified into
three levels according to their degree of realism (Figure 2). The classical-basic VRPmodels are
mainly theoreticalmodels thatallowthedevelopmentofmathematicalapproaches, either if theyuse
exactorapproximatesolvingmethods. Thesemodelsareusedto test solvingmethods incontrolled
environments,whichallowsassessingtheirperformancebeforebeingusedinpracticalapplications.
The classical-advancedVRPmodels are characterizedbyahigher level of realism, i.e., large-scale
problems,multi-objective functions, integratedroutingandlogistics. Examplesof the latterare:VRPs
combinedwithpacking[99],allocation, inventorymanagement[100], etc.Moreadvancedandcomplex
VRPvariantsare includedin thiscategory.Usually, theseproblemshavebeensolvedbymetaheuristic
approaches, suchasGeneticAlgorithms, IteratedLocalSearch,AntColonyOptimization,Simulated
Annealing,etc.MostoftheexistingworkintheVRPliteraturesofardealswiththesetwoclassical types
ofmodels.Recently,however,andduetoboththematurityofexistingexactandmetaheuristicmethods
aswellas tonewbusinessneeds,newRichVRPmodelsarebeingconsidered. Thesolvingmethods
for thesemodelscombinedifferentexactandmetaheuristicapproaches (matheuristics) [101]oreven
simulationwithmetaheuristics (simheuristics) [102]. Simheuristics allowconsideringuncertainty
both in theobjective functionandtheconstraintsofaVRPmodel, thusmakingthesemodelsamore
accuraterepresentationofreal-life routingdistributionsystems. Thesehybridmethodsnotonlycan
dealwithuncertaintyandreal-timedecisionmaking [103], but theycanalsoconsideraspects such
as richerobjective functions (includingenvironmental costs), dynamism[104], diversityofvehicle
driving ranges,multi-periodicity in the distribution activity, integrationwith other supply chain
components, etc.
98
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik